This paper explores whether and in what way “dual learning” can develop understanding of the relationship between structure/judgement and explores audit student’s perceptions of the audit profession. Work Integrated Learning (WIL) module, serving as a tool of enabling dual learning, represents the context for this exploration. The study is based on a focus group and individual interviews conducted with students performing their WIL. Our data and its analysis indicates that when in a WIL context, students develop awareness of the use of standards and checklists on the one hand and the importance of discretional judgement on the other. Based on these results, we theorise as to how dual learning manifests itself in students’ experiences and understanding of the relationship between structure and judgement.

This paper contributes to the understanding of hybrid organizations by refining the concept of decoupling as a strategic response to conflicting objectives and institutional expectations (Meyer and Rowan in Am J Soc 83:340–363, 1977). In today’s popular responsibility discourse one notes a hopeful “win–win” ideal that invites attempts, by companies in particular, to realize and balance conflicting values and to strive to fulfil both profit objectives and responsibility objectives. Although institutional theory has long acknowledged the strategic response of decoupling in organizational contexts, the potential of exploring and refining how this concept may be used to analyse strategic responses in the contemporary era of market-embedded morality has yet to be explored (Shamir in Econ Soc 37:1–19, 2008). There are good reasons to do so as the present-day discourse on the relation between the economy and morality offers a new set of options and challenges for legitimately responding to institutional demands. This paper draws on an explanatory, rich ethnographic and longitudinal case study of a Swedish fully state-owned company operating in the post 1990s gambling market. We suggest that contemporary hybrid organizations positioned at the crossroads of bureaucratic and market schemes of organizing, may find themselves in a particularly tight spot and seek legitimacy by decoupling—not only by adopting certain legitimizing structures, but also and increasingly with reference to market-embedded morality, a commoditizing of responsibility in their contested market setting. Based on the case findings, we suggest a distinction between organization-based decoupling and market-based decoupling and propose that market-based decoupling may be attractive to hybrid organizations owing to it being less sensitive to scrutiny and accountability claims. But at the same time, our findings indicate that market-based decoupling poses a risk to hybrid organizations, as it does not offer the same degree of legitimacy with key stakeholders/the general public as organization-based decoupling does.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how a sustainability manager, embodying the role of change agent, legitimizes the implementation of Integrated Reporting. By focusing on an Italian public utility, operating in the electricity sector and listed on the Italian stock exchange, which has recently implemented the Integrated Report, this paper unveils how a voluntary change (i.e. the adoption of the Integrated Report) can be achieved thorough the legitimizing work carried out by a sustainability manager driven by strong intrinsic engagement, availability of resources and intense networking.

Design/Methodology/Approach – The case study methodology was adopted to reach the purpose of this research. A longitudinal and explanatory case study was realized by analyzing data collected from different sources. Relevant information was extrapolated from various corporate documents, visit to the case organization and thirteen in depth interviews conducted with sustainability managers, finance managers, communication managers and human resources managers. After triangulating data, findings were analyzed through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship which is the branch of neo-institutional theory explaining how actors can drive substantial changes.

Findings – This study uncovered how the adoption of Integrated Reporting – which requires a substantial change in organizational structure, processes and thinking – can be achieved over time through the perseverance of a sustainability manager who strives to legitimize his individual position and strengthen the value of the whole Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) area within the organization. Such perseverance, necessary to initiate and achieve the desired change, can be successful when the change agent uses available resources and networking skills, to gain support from various groups with different power balances, and to enable people of different organizational areas to collaborate to the end of preparing the Integrated Report.

Research limitations/implications – This research highlights that when people belonging to different organizational areas perceive the added value of implementing a substantial change, they engage in alternative practices and show availability to collaborate. Still, the reluctance to share strategic information in the light of its disclosure in the Integrated Report is perceived, meaning that bridging the gaps between finance and sustainability managers requires more efforts. The true transformation of organizational values and beliefs, in line with the ideas of Integrated Reporting, requires the full acceptance and practice of integrated thinking on each level of the organization.

Practical implications – This paper shows that the voluntary implementation of Integrated Reporting is possible when the reporting tool is not only perceived as a disclosure document, but also as a vehicle that increases the awareness and sharing of corporate integrated value. People in different areas interact in a different way facilitating the horizontal integration of operational activities.

Originality/Value – as an emerging phenomenon, literature has focused on many aspects of Integrated Reporting. This paper adds value to recent debates by focusing on how individual actors legitimize their projects within their organization by highlighting tensions and how they can be overcome to achieve the desired change.

This paper contributes to the current debate on the evolving nature and meaning of public service corporations. It draws upon notions of neo-institutional theory and adopts a case study methodology. The study focuses on the case of SMAT, an Italian water corporation, whose value has been recognized at home and internationally. Findings show how a public service corporation's priorities and activities, particularly commercialization and internationalization, are constrained by various factors. These include: the burden of regulatory frameworks, the public nature of the corporation and its governance, the expectations of users, and the need for infrastructural investment.

By applying the Foucauldian “governmentality” framework (Foucault, 2009), and its bio-political implications (Foucault, 2008), and following an interpretivist approach, this paper aims at exploring how municipalities drive smart city programs in the pursuit of governmentality goals spanning from efficiency to societal impacts.

We contend that cities striving for smart development engage in programs trying to direct or reorient practices towards desired aims, by adopting various tools (technologies of government) and involving a plurality of actors (governmental experts).

By conducting a longitudinal case study with interventionist elements with reference to the City of Helsinki, we have addressed both the benefits and criticalities faced in Helsinki’s programs introducing new performance measurement systems as a technology of government. Our findings show that such technologies of government are useful, but also problematic tools, especially considering the fragmentation in inter- and intra-departmental operations characterizing smart cities and related forms of resistance.

In the light of neo-institutional theory, and adopting the case-study research methodology, this paper explains the adoption of IPSASs for modernising public sector accounting in Estonia. This study reveals that the smooth – yet gradual – adoption of IPSASs-compliant accounting systems was enabled by the involvement of powerful actors (i.e. institutional entrepreneurs) with foreign and/or business backgrounds. In addition, the change in public sector accounting in Estonia was facilitated by the developments in its international positioning, characterised by the transition from a Soviet-communist to a market economy and subsequent EU membership, and by the absence of past accounting practices which could potentially hinder the change.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between trust and contract in the context of externalized local public services provision. Design/methodology/approach - A multi-theoretical framework is used to analyse different combinations of control mechanisms (i.e. trust and contract) with reference to three cases of externalized water service provision in Estonia consisting of inter-organizational relationships between local governments and water companies with different ownership structures (public, private and mixed public-private). Findings - The relationship between trust and contract, which can either be substitutes or complements, or eventually erode each other, is contingent upon the capacity of interacting individuals (and related organizations) to keep interests aligned in water services provision. Originality/value - The relationship between trust and contract is analysed by considering the interactions between key actors within the underlying governance setting.

Organisational changes of the public sector have led to increased decentralisation of public services. Only fully fledged financial accounting and reporting systems guarantee the consolidated information needed by executive and legislative bodies to fulfil their duties in financial management and the supervision of network entities. Consolidated financial statements may serve to increase accountability and transparency towards internal and external stakeholders. The article aims at giving an overview of consolidation approaches in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. It will focus on the methods applied and the guiding principles followed to define the perimeter of consolidation. The analysis is carried out through a comparison of legal requirements and standards for consolidation, and the published consolidated financial statements, taking the International Public Sector Accounting Standards as a benchmark. Points for practitioners The analysis of consolidation practice in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries reveals that while the use of consolidated financial statements is increasing, there are still significant deviations from the perspective of international accounting standards. The results show that the equity method plays a crucial role as it is used in a transition period to full consolidation and/or for organisations having major influence on the statements of financial position. These findings are of interest in the ongoing debate of international standard-setting in the field of consolidation, as well as for the discussion of European Public Sector Accounting Standards.

Les changements institutionnels survenus dans le secteur public se sont traduits par une decentralisation accrue des services publics. Seuls les veritables systemes de comptabilite generale et d’information comptable permettent de disposer a coup sur des informations consolidees dont ont besoin l’executif et le legislatif pour s’acquitter de leur mission dans la gestion financiere et la supervision des entites du reseau. Les comptes consolides (CC) peuvent contribuer a ameliorer l’imputabilite et la transparence vis- a-vis des parties prenantes internes et externes. Dans le present article, nous tentons de donner un apercu des methodes de consolidation utilisees dans les pays de l’OCDE. Nous nous interesserons aux methodes appliquees et aux principes directeurs qui sont appliques pour definir le perimetre de consolidation. Notre analyse se fonde sur une comparaison des exigences juridiques et des normes de consolidation, ainsi que sur les documents relatifs aux CC qui ont ete publies, en prenant pour reference les normes comptables internationales du secteur public (IPSAS).

The study aims to understand and explore situations of collaboration between various actors in connection with a university-driven innovation intermediary organisation, and how the intermediary organisation facilitates collaboration in the making. To this end, we employ a case of a university-driven long-lasting intermediary organisation within the agricultural and forestry sectors. We examine three collaborative situations, using practice-based research and process theories as theoretical perspectives. A narrative approach is adopted as the method of investigation. The findings are presented in a conceptual model where the structures of the intermediary organisation are translated into practices, against which individuals can develop their collaboration processes. It is concluded that collaboration in the making is formed in the interplay between structures, practices and processes in relations between people. This implies that the organising of collaboration should focus its attention not only on structures but also on the practices and processes formed between people. The study contributes to the understanding of the organising of university innovation intermediary organisations by untangling the relations between structures, practices and processes in situations of collaboration between people.

This paper is aimed at explaining how time budget pressure influences audit quality in the Swedish context. A hypothesis is deduced and tested through a survey sent to Swedish auditors. The Swedish context provides a special setting since audit firms and auditors have been facing new pressures due, for example, to the removal of statutory audits for a majority of the companies in Sweden. The findings show that time budget pressure lowers the quality of audits performed by Swedish auditors, but it is not the only explanation. Audit quality is also related to other factors such as gender, position, experience, number of clients, local office size and audit firm. Thus, the model is useful for explaining the factors influencing audit quality and could be used and expanded in future studies. The study also has practical implications showing that when trading-off between audit efforts and available resources and setting time budgets for each audit assignment, audit firms should also consider the personal characteristics of the auditors.

The aim of this paper is to investigate how sustainable and smart strategies are implemented at the city level and how these strategies influence and are influenced by performance measurement systems. Drawing upon the Foucauldian notion of governmentality, the paper analyzes the city of Gothenburg (Sweden) where interviews and observations were carried out with key actors. The results show that translating strategy into performance measurement systems requires collaboration across organizational boundaries and considerations of financial goals and social and human aspects.

The purpose of this editorial paper is to introduce the special issue and outline its majorthemes. This special issue of Accounting Forum aims to stimulate interdisciplinary and critical research on public sector reforms, particularly in the context of Public Private Partnerships and other public sector organisations. The editorial also seeks to provide a research agenda and new directions for more research in the field, considering the ambiguities of this hybrid organisational forms and the complexity of accounting and accountability reforms.

In this paper I will discuss some issues concerning cooperation between academia and society in the context of the establishment of a cooperative research platform at Kristianstad University in Sweden. The platform aims at developing scientific knowledge and practical utility through cooperation between the university‟s resources, mainly its faculty, and practise in society, be it individuals or organizations, be it private, public or voluntary organisations.

With the purpose of explaining professional audit costs in Swedish municipalities, we hypothesised that audit costs are partly driven by various signalling and monitoring incentives in order to manage stakeholder relationships. Our model of the determinants of audit costs was tested on data from Swedish municipalities, thus extending the study of audit costs to political organisations in a Scandinavian institutional context. The test supported to some extent the traditional propositions of organisational complexity, risk and market determinants, as well as the proposition of the political environment. Our results indicate that audit costs are used to signal accountability, thereby suggesting that audit as a signal could be managed without managing professional auditors.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a concept of auditor as consigliere in family firms, that captures additional functions to monitoring, those of advice, mediating, and conveying. Design/methodology/approach - The concept is tested through a survey conducted on 309 Swedish auditors. Findings - The data indicate that the consigliere role is generally not emphasized, indicating that auditors primarily perform the monitoring role of the audit. However, the authors do find indications of the auditor performing the consigliere role, through performing the advisory and mediating functions and, to a smaller degree, the conveying function. Research limitations/implications - The survey is limited in response rate and in separating governance situations from consigliere functions. Practical implications - With reservation for professional independence, the auditor as consigliere could be part of the governance of the family firm, but should be trained for this activity. Social implications - Regulators should pay attention to the consigliere role when, for example, stipulating compulsory rotation of auditors. Originality/value - The paper shows that the auditor is more than a monitor in family firms. The consigliere role, even if not at all dominating, has to be considered, at least in family firms.

Kravet på byrårotation kommer att leda till ökat inslag av strategisk prissättning av revision. Det skriver Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin och hans studenter Frida Edlund och Matilda Jönsson som undersökt frågan i ett examensarbete för civilekonomexamen.

Shareholders are not identical, but differ in their objectives and actions. One difference is the level of delegation of the principal functions to the board, which we suggest can be observed through the level of directors’ compensation. We analyze the difference in board compensation through the concept of governance strategy and suggest two distinct categories of shareholder strategies: the company governance strategy and the financial governance strategy. These strategies create different distributions of governance costs, which we separate into principal costs and agency costs. We claim that the financial governance strategy adopts a higher level of delegation, which implies that the principal costs are assumed by the corporation and that agency costs are higher. This in turn can explain the higher compensation for the directors of the board compared to compensation under the company governance strategy. We test our hypothesis using a three-year panel of Swedish listed corporations and find that shareholders pursuing a financial governance strategy are associated with higher levels of board compensation. These findings suggest the existence of differences in governance strategies, reflected in governance costs through board compensation, among different types of shareholders in a corporation.

Det är inte en bra väg att försämra revisorernas kunskaper i ekonomi. Kvaliteten i revisionen får inte bli lidande, skriver Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin och Timurs Umans i en replik.

We present a model of supervising bachelor and master theses that we have developed at Kristianstad University in Sweden. It emphasizes 1.) engagement, in that the research engaged supervisor becomes engaged in both the subject of the thesis and the students writing it; 2.) the Humboldt principle, in that teachers and students collaborate for mutual benefit; 3.) the Socratic method, in that the supervisor drives students´ learning through posing questions. The model implies intense and frequent supervision, seminars with students as opponents and respondents, and finally, popular presentation, where the results are presented for an educated public. The examination of the theses have the double function of securing high standard examination and to develop the staff in their supervisory and examinatory skills. The direction of the supervisory team is mainly made through common norms, such as a thesis have to be driven by theory, methodological pragmatism implying that the problem, not the authors preferences, determine which analytical method to use and empirical orientation that theories needs to be tested or evaluated. The model described has shown good results, both in national evaluations and through number of scientific publications.