Hur kan pedagogiskt klimat präglas av studentaktivitet, nyfikenhet och lust att lära? Detta tillsammans med vilka faktorer som motiverar studenter att studera en viss kurs är övergripande frågeställningar i vårt pågående utvecklingsarbete. Vi funderar kring hur undervisningen på bästa sätt ska fokusera på studentens egen vilja att studera och lägga tid på studierna. En pedagogisk modell har arbetats fram för att kunna uppnå bästa resultat kring detta.

Background: Patients who repeatedly seek care directly at hospital based somatic emergency

departments take up a large proportion of health care resources, at the same time they appear to experience low satisfaction with the care they receive. The purposes of this pilot study were to describe: I) the development of a team model for taking care of frequent visitors to a somatic hospital based ED; II) Eventual changes, over six months, in costs and patients’ health care utilization related to pilot testing the model and III), the team’s experiences of implementing the model.

Methods: A mixed method convergent parallel design was used.

Results: The development of the model began as a top-down process and later on into a bottom-up approach once the inter-professional team became involved. The new model functioned as a support for all 12 patients included in the study and collectively their visits decreased by a total of 73 visits (55%).

Conclusion: The inference quality description is that a management induced project may be accepted and actively applied when those involved experience freedom to structure the project. Increased communication between different professionals within the hospital and between different caregivers such as ED, primary health care and community social- and health-care, increases the possibility for the patients to be cared for in a sustainable and non-fragmented way.

Purpose: Collaboration has become an increasingly more common strategy when developing care sectors while, coincidentally, experience and research show that collaboration development may be problematic in itself. This study aims to achieve better understanding of collaboration processes.

Method: A local project that aimed at improving the quality of healthcare and social care by developing the co-operation between organizations took place in Sweden, and by using participatory action research, PAR, this process was followed between 2004 and 2008. Material was gathered through participant observation from the perspective of patients, relatives, staff, managers and politicians. A descriptive narrative was compiled and a hermeneutic interpretation was performed.

Results: Initially, the development of collaboration was impeded due to lack of communication between the participants from various levels within the organizations. With the support of PAR, communication arenas were arranged to handle social interaction as well as different perspectives and conflicts, which led to improved collaboration within the organizations as well as between the care organizations.

Conclusion: Development of collaboration between organizations reflects how collaboration within one organization works. Collaboration is a social and interpersonal phenomenon, and readily available communication arenas are crucial for its development.

Syfte: Det övergripande vetenskapliga syftet med denna avhandling att nå en ökad förståelse om samverkansprocesser.

Ansats och metoder: Studien har bedrivits genom deltagarorienterad aktionsforskning inom hälso- och sjukvården i Hässleholm. Aktörer på verksamhetsfältet har strävat efter att utveckla samverkan för att tillsammans kunna utveckla närsjukvård. Forskningen har genererat kunskap utifrån lokala omständigheter att tjäna som underlag för beslut om att genomföra praktiska förändringar i verksamheten. En kombination av olika metoder har använts för att generera empiriskt material, där den huvudsakliga metoden har varit deltagande observationer med dialog. Därutöver har intervjuer och granskning av dokument använts samt en forskningscirkel, som är en speciell metod inom deltagarorienterad aktionsforskning. Studien har haft en hermeneutisk ansats och tolkningar har gjorts med stöd av olika teoretiska perspektiv och modeller. Kurt Lewins fältteori har utgjort en övergripande teoretisk ram för studien.

Resultat: En ökad förståelse om den studerade samverkansprocessen kunde nås genom att beskriva och tolka skeenden som antogs ha påverkat utvecklingen av samverkan. Processen beskrevs både utifrån vertikal och horisontell integrering inom och mellan organisationer. Beskrivningen innefattade komponenter som fanns både inom arbetsprocesser och sociala processer. Den studerade samverkansprocessen delades in i delprocesser där var och en del innehöll en viss typ av aktivitet som genomfördes för att stödja utvecklingen av samverkan. Två olika strategier för utvecklingen av samverkan identifierades och illustrerades genom olika modeller: den linjära hierarkiska modellen respektive den dynamiska modellen. Den sistnämnda utvecklades genom aktionsforskningen.

Slutsatser:I ett första skede bedrev deltagarna på fältet samverkan med stöd av den linjära hierarkiska modellen. Denna modell utgör ett tankeschema där samverkan utvecklas i en linjär hierarkisk process. Politiker fattar beslut, chefer planerar och professionella genomför aktiviteterna. Modellen utgår ifrån ett konsensusteoretiskt perspektiv där konflikter betraktas som störande element. Det innebar i detta fall att aktörer inom olika domäner och organisationer undvek varandras olika föreställningsvärldar varpå samverkansprocessen stötte  på hinder i utvecklingen. Aktionsforskningen intervenerade i processen genom arrangera kommunikationsarenor med deltagare från olika domäner och organisationer. Samverkan utvecklades på så sätt utifrån den dynamiska modellen. Denna modell innehåller antaganden om att samverkansprocesser är dynamiska och har sin utgångspunkt i ett konfliktteoretiskt perspektiv där konflikter betraktas som naturliga i processen.

Objective: The general scientific objective of this thesis is to reach a greater understanding of processes of collaboration.

Design and methods: The study was conducted through participatory action research within the health services of Hässleholm, Sweden. The people involved, who were participants of different activities related to health care, aimed at developing their collaboration in a collective attempt to facilitate the development of an integrated local health care. Based on local circumstances and perspectives, the research has generated knowledge on which future decisions on how to implement practical changes can be made. A combination of various methods was used to generate empirical material, where the main method was participant observation with dialogue. In addition, interviews and document reviews were conducted as well as the use of collaborative inquiry, which is a specific method within participatory action research. The study was conducted according to a hermeneutic approach and interpretations were supported by various theoretical perspectives and models. Kurt Lewin's field theory constituted a general theoretical frame of reference for the study.

Results: By describing and interpreting the course of events that were presumed to have an impact on the development of collaboration, a greater understanding of the observed collaboration process was achieved. The process was described in terms of vertical as well as horizontal integration within and between organisations. This description included components that were present in work processes as well as social processes. The observed collaboration process was divided into sub-processes, each of them containing a certain type of activity that was performed in support of the development of collaboration. Strategies for development of collaboration were identified and illustrated by different models: the linear hierarchical model and the dynamic model. The latter was developed through action research.

Conclusions: At an initial stage, collaboration among the participants in the field was supported by a linear hierarchical model, which constitutes a mind map where collaboration is developed in a linear hierarchical process. Politicians make decisions, managers make plans and professionals implement activities. The model emanates from a consensus theoretical perspective, where conflicts are regarded as disruptive elements. In this case, participants from various domains and organisations avoided the different conceptual worlds of one another, which led to impediments in the developments of the collaboration process. The action research made it possible to intervene in the process by arranging communication arenas with and for participants from the different domains and organisations. Thus, collaboration came to evolve from a dynamic model, which includes the assumption that collaboration processes are dynamic and is based on a conflict theoretical perspective, where conflicts are regarded as natural aspects of the processes.