Background: Eating disorders are a growing public health concern which requires more attention and research to increase the understanding and prevention of eating disorders. This paper focuses on eating disorders and its relation to the joy of food. It is very important to find joy for food when suffering from an eating disorder to achieve a healthier life and healthier thinking around food and the body. This paper has examined possible methods that can be used for treating people with eating disorders to enjoy food. The study was conducted at Capio Anorexia Center in Malmö, a daycare clinic for eating disorders, and the study was focused on how the staff works to help patients find joy for food during treatment, and how they work to express food in a positive way to their patients.

Methods: Literature studies were carried out before and after the study at Capio Anorexia Center. Qualitative half structured interviews were also carried out with two of the staff at Capio Anorexia Center, and with a dietitian and an anonymous person who has suffered from an eating disorder and received treatment. Three of the interviews were conducted with sound recording and the other one was conducted via email. Each interview lasted about 45 minutes. The interviews were compiled by first writing of the recorded interviews and then the answers for each interview were categorized to relevant fields. An analysis and comparison of these interviews to various literatures like books, reports, scientific papers and internet sources related to enjoying food and eating disorders were also carried out.

Results: Eleven methods were found that may be useful to find joy for food both in treatment and outside of treatment for those who need support: daring, educational meals, eating regularly, varied and plan meals, cook and serve appealing meals, mindfulness and mindfulness eating, eating environment and social importance when eating, nutritional therapy, the “sapere-method”, eating slow and relaxed, the use of vodcast during meals and to keep out myths, dieting and beauty ideals.

Conclusions: Eleven possible methods that may be useful to find joy for food have been found. This by preliminary studies with literature, a study at Capio Anorexia Center and interviews, and also by analyzing and comparing the interviews with literature related to eating disorders and enjoying food. The eleven methods described may be useful when regaining joy for food and a healthier thinking when it comes to food and meal situations. An important step in recovering from an eating disorder is to find pleasure when eating; therefore these methods can be possible tools to help people with eating disorders to find the joy for food. However, to reach a healthy life free from an eating disorder these methods described in this paper has to be combined with a variety of other therapies, because it is also important to work with self-esteem, self-confidence, and other symptoms and problems of the eating disorder.

Although gazillion of studies have been conducted regarding what influences auditors’ judgment, few studies examined the impact of conformity pressure on auditors’ judgment. Despite the few attempts to discover this area, different results rendered from these studies.The purpose of this study is to explain how the conformity pressures affect auditors’ judgement. The effect of other factors was taken into consideration such as professional commitment, Locus of control and the characteristics of Swedish culture. The method was quantitative using data collected by surveys sent to auditors working in big-four and non-big-four audit firms.The findings show that conformity pressure does not affect the judgment of the Swedish auditors.The limitations of the study are the number of responses received through the survey and the difficulty of accurately target the Swedish auditors.

During the past years, there has been a re-emergence of sensory marketing in the paradigm of marketing. However, there is a lack of empirical studies done on the subject. Furthermore, the previous literature has focused on whether senses affects, rather than how they affect. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to study how sensory stimuli affects the consumers’ choice of entering physical fashion stores.

This thesis is based on sensory marketing, consumer behaviour, and retail marketing theory. The theoretical framework in this thesis consists of an adapted sensory-stimuli-response model with the five main senses of sensory marketing as stimuli, emotional response of arousal and pleasure as organism, and entering or not entering as response. A qualitative research strategy was used to study the phenomenon.

The empirical findings and the analysis showed that touch, sight, and sound were effective in enticing the consumer to enter by affecting their arousal. Furthermore, scent was on the opposite side as it was only affective in creating disinterest when bad. Lastly, taste displayed potential which warrants further research.

This thesis might be of value for companies looking to implement sensory marketing as part of their marketing plan.

Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka tandtrådens effekt på plack och gingivit. Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ allmän litteraturstudie där sökningen av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i den medicinska databasen PubMed. Litteraturstudiens resultat sammanställdes utifrån elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Tandtrådens effekt på plack och gingivit utvärderades, i form av reduktion av: plackmängd och blödning hos såväl barn, ungdomar som vuxna individer. Tio av artiklarna visade att tandtråd hade en effekt på ovanstående parametrar medan den kvarstående artikeln inte kunde visa några sådana effekter. Slutsatsen är att användning av tandtråd i samband med tandborstning har en effekt med avseende på reduktion av plackmängd och gingivit. Ytterligare forskning krävs för en noggrann utvärdering av tandtrådens effekt.

Syfte:Syftet med studien var att undersöka munhygien- och kostvanor hos gymnasieelever i årskurs 3. Material och metod: Studien var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av enkätundersökning med 123 deltagare i åldrarna 18-22 år. Enkäten bestod av 20 frågor med fasta svarsalternativ som berörde elevernas bakgrund, munhygien- och kostvanor. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att majoriteten av deltagarna borstade tänderna två gånger om dagen med tandborste och fluortandkräm och 28 % använde något approximalt hjälpmedel. Mer än hälften av deltagarna åt lunch och middag varje dag, däremot var det endast hälften av deltagarna som åt frukost varje dag. Deltagarna hade ett lågt intag av sötsaker. Slutsats: Studien visade att deltagarna hade relativt goda munhygienvanor, däremot var användningen av approximala hjälpmedel och fluorpreparat bristfälliga. Vidare visade resultatet att deltagarna hade bristfälliga kostvanor då endast hälften av deltagarna åt frukost varje dag.

Background:

Every woman giving birth has expectations. Identifying women’s expectations, wishes, needs and fears enable the health care provider(s) to work toward a common goal of safe and positive childbirth experience.

Aim:

The aim was to determine women’s preferences and needs during labor.

Design:

Analytic- cross sectional study.

Setting:

El Kasr- Aini, - Cairo- University Maternity Hospitals.

Sample:

A random sample of 400 women were recruited in the present study with the following criteria; age ranged between 20-30 years old, can read and write, primigravida, nulliparous woman with singleton low risk pregnancies, in the third trimester, up to 37 weeks of gestational age, no previous abortion and free from any medical complains.

Procedure:

Data collection took place in the antenatal clinic, each interview administrated questionnaire took a time between 10-15 minutes. Mothers completed the questionnaire in the antenatal clinics during their waiting for medical examination.

Results:

Twenty two need requirements emerged from the women's perspective. The highest ranked needs for parturient women during labor are; maintaining privacy through all procedures of 86.5%, accessibility of nurses demonstrate empathy of 67.5%, availability to ventilate and expressing fear and anxiety of 57.5%, quick response to request of 67.5%, frequent monitoring of 52.8%, accessibility of caring medical staff of 47.2% and short delivery of 52.8%.

Conclusion:

Despite good general coverage of labor care among women, there were clear variations in the type of management given to them or needed by them. This study confirms that different factors predict the multidimensionality of childbirth satisfaction.

Background: Recent reports from the developing world have documented rheumatic fever (RE) incidence rates as high as 206/100 000 and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) prevalence rates as high as 18.6/1000. The high frequency of RHD in the developing world necessitates aggressive prevention and control measures. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of intensive antenatal follow up program on decreasing cardiovascular complications among rheumatic pregnant woman. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: This study was conducted at El Kasr-EL Aini, maternity hospital- Cairo- University Hospitals. Sample: A total of 100 rheumatic pregnant women that attended the antenatal clinic at El Kasr-EL Aini, maternity hospital who could read and write, had functional class I and II cardiac disease, primigravida, nullipara with single fetus were recruited to this study and assigned randomly into two groups. Procedure: Women who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed and baseline assessment was done. The intervention was an intensive antenatal follow up program for decreasing cardiovascular complications among rheumatic pregnant woman. Patients in the study group (SG) were offered an intervention at three levels, basic, intermediate and comprehensive. Evaluation of the program was carried out in term of assessment of maternal and neonatal outcome. Results: There were several significant differences between the study group (SG) and control group (CG). In the SG, antepartum complications was less common, gestational age at birth was higher, postnatal hospital stay shorter, birth weight higher, more had vaginal deliveries with episiotomy, fewer had caesarean section, forceps deliveries and termination of pregnancy, and cardiac class was better at follow up as compared to the CG. Conclusion: The difficult issues in pregnancy complications by cardiac disease are best managed through a team approach. Establishing a pre-pregnancy plan will foster a better therapeutic relationship between all parties and allow for better understanding of the patient’s beliefs regarding pregnancy, her disease and attitude towards medications.

The H295R in vitro cell line produces the majority of the steroidogenesis, for which reason it is commonly used as a screening tool for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Simultaneous determination of the precursor cholesterol and key steroid hormones could give a broad insight into the mechanistic disruption of the steroidogenesis. Steroid hormones have primarily been extracted from H295R incubation medium by means of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and the obtained recoveries and matrix effects have typically not been stated or assessed. In the present study a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous extraction of cholesterol and five key steroid hormones pregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone from H295R incubation medium, and finally detected by LC-MS/MS. Cholesterol was recovered at a level of 55.7%, while steroid hormone recoveries ranged from 98.2 to 109.4%. Matrix effects varied between -0.6% and 62.8%. Intra-day precision was deemed acceptable, but the inter-day precision for pregnenolone and aldosterone exceeded the precision limit of 15% RSD. Although LLE has been the most frequently used extraction method in H295R studies, however, our investigation has shown that SPE may relatively easily extract and recover steroid hormones, potentially replacing LLE.

Analytical methodologies based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of two or more endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum has received increased attention the last few years. Especially in the clinical setting steroid profiling is of major importance in disease diagnostics. This paper discusses recent findings in such multi-steroid hormone procedures published from 2001 to 2012. The aim was to elucidate possible relationships between chosen analytical technique and the obtained analyte sensitivity for endogenous steroid hormones. By evaluating the success, at which the currently applied techniques have been utilized, more general knowledge on the field is provided. Furthermore the evaluation provides directions in which future studies may be interesting to conduct.

This study demonstrates the addition of (14)C-cholesterol to the human cell line H295R will in-situ form radiolabeled steroid hormones allowing for new mechanistic and metabolic insights. The aim of the present study was to in-situ radiolabel steroid hormones from cell line-incorporated (14)C-cholesterol using the OECD guideline 456, H295R steroidogenesis in-vitro assay. Radiodetection of the steroid metabolites of the steroidogenic pathway allows for an improved understanding of the various enzymatic mechanisms involved without necessarily being dependent on quantification. Generated radiolabeled steroids were analyzed using HPLC hyphenated with a Flow Scintillation Analyzer (FSA). H295R cells were incubated with radiolabeled cholesterol and cell media were collected and prepared by solid phase extraction and analyzed with HPLC-FSA. For successful radiolabeling of the steroids in the steroidogenesis of H295R cells, radioactive cholesterol may potentially only need to be added just before the cells are incubated for 72h in well plates. Based on the obtained HPLC-FSA chromatograms, and confirmation of the observations by studies in the literature, a qualitative time profile for the production of steroid hormones was estimated. Multiple radiolabeled steroid hormones were identified by means of analytical standards and UV (ultraviolet) co-chromatography, though the elucidation of multiple metabolites remains unresolved. Although online radiodetection proved to suffer from suboptimal sensitivity, the concept of radiolabeling the steroidogenesis in H295R cells with (14)C-cholesterol and detecting the radiolabeled steroid hormones online was proved and may assist in further toxicological studies.

Introduction: The study gives an overall picture of how mental illness has become an increasingly common condition among children and young people. Therefore, teenage girls are a particularly vulnerable group with a higher incidence of mental illness, mainly due to society's pressure on norms and values ​​about appearance. Research shows that there is an interaction between mental illness and body dissatisfaction, and since girls in their teens spend a lot of time in school, it is of great importance to explore how the school works with this vulnerable group. The aim: The study’s aim was to explore how PE teachers work with body images among girls in the middle school. This is to increase understanding of possible factors that can affect the body image of girls in adolescence. Method: In order to be able to answer the study's aim, a qualitative choice of method was chosen in the form of individual semi-structured interviews in which a total of 10 participants had to represent the result. Result: The result is based on the PE teachers' experiences and thoughts on how to work with the subject body images among girls. Since there are no guidelines in the curriculum for how PE teachers should work with the problem, the public health work should therefore investigate the need for the volnurable group so that the PE teacher's work methods can be developed. Conclusion: Due to the limited research, there is a need to further study body image based on a qualitative and quantitative aspects to give a clearer picture of the PE teacher's way of working.

Patients with tobacco habits visit the dental care regularly, therefore it is well placed to carry out tobacco cessation for those who smoke or use snuff. The purpose of this study was to highlight methods available for tobacco cessation and results of these methods. The authors searched in the database PubMed and was limited to articles published during the last ten years and performed in the dental care. The framework was limited to eight studies which were performed in the dental care. The results showed that there are several different combination methods for tobacco cessation. In three articles, the 5A method was used in combination with nicotine replacement therapy. In other articles five different combination methods with different follow-up times were used. In one of those with

combined approach two methods are described. In addition a method was used for snuff cessation. The result showed differences in frequency of success to tobacco stop. The best result was shown after twelve months tobacco cessation and a follow up in two of the combination methods and the method for snuff cessation (36%, 25% and 30%). The lowest success rate was 7% after twelve months follow up with one of the 5A methods. The conclusion of the study is that there are few published studies regarding tobacco cessation in the dental care, which are based on evaluation of methods performed among patients. Follow up, counselling and support have essential effects on the result.

Genom denna studie har vi velat undersöka hur förskollärare uttrycker sig kring begreppen lek, undervisning och lärande i förskolans verksamhet. Forskningsfrågan är hur de uppfattar begreppen och hur dessa förhåller sig till varandra. De teoretiska perspektiven i studien har utgångspunkt i utvecklingspedagogik och sociokulturell teori. Vi har utfört en studie med hjälp av intervjuer med åtta förskollärare. Genom intervjuerna ville vi undersöka pedagogers sätt att uppfatta begreppen lek och undervisning, deras beröringspunkter och hur pedagogerna förhöll sig till dem. Resultatet visar bland annat att begreppen undervisning och lärande tycks ha samma innebörd. Förskollärares kompetens och närvaro är det som behövs för att införa undervisning i leken. Majoriteten av intervjupersonerna framställer sig mindre som undervisare, de var mindre bekväma med att använda begreppet undervisning och mer bekväma med begreppet lärande. Detta kan hänga samman med bristande förtrogenhet med deras yrkesspråk.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka lärare i fritidshems arbete med delaktighet och inkludering i det språkutvecklande arbetet. I studien tar vi reda på vilka språkutvecklande insatser som genomförs inom ramarna för fritidshemmets verksamhet. Vidare undersöker vi vilka som genomför dessa insatser samt hur arbetet med delaktighet och inkludering i det språkutvecklande arbetet på fritidshemmet ser ut. I studien har vi intervjuat 6 pedagoger i en sydsvensk kommun, samtliga intervjuade pedagoger har minst två års erfarenhet av språkutvecklande arbete. Intervjuerna har sedan transkriberats och därefter analyserats utifrån för studien relevanta teorier och begrepp. Resultatet av vår studie visar på att samtliga av de lärare i fritidshem som vi har intervjuat ständigt arbetar med språkutveckling i det dagliga arbetet, samt att de till stor del känner sig inkluderade och delaktiga i de språkutvecklande insatser som genomförs på fritidshemmet.

I vår undersökning har vi valt den kvalitativa metoden, närmare bestämt intervjuerna, för att få svar på våra frågor. Vilka arbetssätt använder sig lärarna av och slutligen vilka förhållningssätt märks i mötet mellan skolan och elever i en skolsituation? I den empiriska delen har vi presenterat svaren i olika rubriker: Mötet, Arbetssätt, Elevens självbild och Organisationen. I vår undersökning intervjuade vi 22 elever och 4 lärare. Frågorna till respondenterna berör de 4 olika rubrikerna i vår undersökning. Intervjusvaren visar på att undervisningen bedrivs utefter det segregerande perspektivet. Vidare fann vi vissa brister i arbetssättet gällande åtgärdsprogram eftersom flertal av elever inte kommer ihåg vad som skulle förbättras. Relationer mellan lärare och elever tyder på ett bra förhållningssätt. Den här undersökningen hade varit intressant att utveckla i ett större perspektiv där diskussionen om betyg kan tas upp.

Aim:Was to highlight factors influencing the care of patients with an intravenous drug abuse, from the perspective of Suzie Kims nursing theories. Background: Nurses often have lack of knowledge about drug abuse and how to handle the care of these patients. This can lead to fear among the staff when in care of them, which can create an encounter with less good quality. A prejudge mental attitude among the staff is sometime evident. Method: A literature overview, based on eight scientific rapports/articles made during 2003-2009. These were found by searching databases such as PubMed, PsyhInfo, ELIN@lund and Cinahl. A deductive analysis method was used using Kim (2000) nursing theories; the domain of the client, client – nurse domain and the practice domain of nursing. Result: Injection drug users (IDU) often have an exposed health issue, dominated by a risky behavior. These patients are often facing difficulties in reaching healthcare, and that the care is badly suites for their specific needs. The client – nurse relation is found to be the most effective when provided in specialized facilities. The practice of nursing fulfills an important prevention role in the care and substation of IDU´s health. Conclusion: Education and information about drug abuse seems to provide better and less prejudice attitudes among the staff. A Swedish empiric study about IDU´s experience of health care and its environment would provide an improved understanding for this patient group.

Bakgrund: I Sverige lider ca 18,7 procent av svår smärta eller värk och ca 1,3 miljoner människor antingen vårdar, hjälper eller stödjer en anhörig. Smärta ska ha hållit i sig i över tre månade för att klassas som kronisk/långvarig smärta. Familjefokuserad omvårdnad är en teori som används för att inkludera anhöriga i vården. Eftersom anhöriga har en betydelsefull roll i omsorgen för en familjemedlems vård behöver hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal uppmärksamma denna grupp för att ge de stöd och hjälp i ett tidigt skede. Det är därför av stor vikt att veta hur anhöriga upplever i samband med att vårda en familjemedlem.

Syfte: Att beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av att vårda en familjemedlem med långvarig smärta.

Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med systematiskt tillvägagångssätt baserat på kvalitativa artiklar.

Resultat: Resultatet innehåller fyra huvudkategorier: Upplevelsen av att inte räcka till, Upplevelsen av kontroll, Upplevelsen av familjeroller och relationer samt Anhörigvårdares upplevelser av vårdpersonalen samt två underkategorier. Resultatet visar att anhöriga upplever tecken på psykisk ohälsa, de upplever brist på kontroll och hittar strategier för att öka kontrollen, familjeroller och relationer påverkas både negativt och positivt och de upplever att stöd och tillgänglighet från vårdpersonalen är viktigt.

Diskussion: I metoddiskussionen diskuteras styrkor och svagheter med den aktuella studien utifrån trovärdighetsbegreppen: tillförlitlighet, verifierbarhet, pålitlighet och överförbarhet. Resultatdiskussionen diskuterar fyra fynd: Symtom på psykisk ohälsa upplevdes av anhöriga som vårdade, Upplevelsen av kontroll har en central del i vårdandet, Förändringar i relationer och Sjukvårdspersonalens stöd och tillgänglighet var viktigt och betydelsefullt för de anhöriga. Det familjefokuserade omvårdnadsperspektivet diskuteras i förhållande till vissa fynd.

Rapporten utgår ifrån länssamordnarens egen beskrivning av funktionen och speglar den sedan i andra intressenters/informanters uppfattningar av hennes funktion. De uppfattar att arbetet som länssamordnare har fungerat mycket bra. Däremot har hon inte lyckats med att bygga upp en länsövergripande struktur för folkhälsoarbetet på beslutsfattande nivå. Något som är nödvändigt för att på lång sikt åstadkomma ett effektivt arbete. Rapporten avslutas med två förslag till framtida organisation av arbetet i länet och hur utvecklingen av policy och handlingsprogram kan gå till.

Intersectorial cooperation is commonly regarded as a desirable development in order to achieve increased efficiency and quality, and to reduce redundancies. In this report the experiences are presented from a project where nurses, midwives, preschool teacher and social worker integrated their activities around families and children. The results show that although all involved personnel were confident that the integration was favorable, they all experienced tensions, due to flaws in administrative and managerial procedures, perverse economic incentives, differences in professional background and organizational culture and personal preferences. This study indicates that integrative policies need to be followed by determined implementation.

In this article we use two immigrant projects, operating in a Swedish context, as a basis for discussing and analysing the potential of joint projects as a tool for change in human welfare service organisations that target the general public. The extensive use of projects in the development of a slimmed-down public sector can be seen as originating from the contradictory promises of projects regarding flexibility and rationality in the new public management context. Projects are also used as a way to obtain more resources for specific long-term needs, but they are seldom implemented as intended in the regular 'mainstream' organisation. Therefore the long-term development of social services and healthcare for immigrants remains inadequate. It appears that politicians, managers and civil servants prefer to focus on the positive aspect of projects to legitimate the organisations and to bring about change by targeting and steering activities. However, they tend to overlook the negative consequences of using projects, and there is a risk that a backlash will undermine the legitimacy of organisations. Citizens and participants in general, and immigrants in particular, experience frustration and distrust as a result of the short-term nature of project-based action. The problems that the projects were expected to address may remain, or even increase.

In this article we use two immigrant projects to identify similarities and consequences in order to discuss and analyse outwarding collaborative projects in human service organizations as a tool for change. The heavy use of projects in a slimmed public sector originates from projects’ contradictory promises of flexibility and effectiveness in the New Public Management context. Usually projects are used as a way to get more resources to long-term needs but are seldom implemented as planned in the regular organisation. Seemingly politicians, management and civil servants preferred are focusing on the positive side of projects as means to legitimate the organizations and to bring change by targeting and steering activities. However, they tend to overlook the negative consequences from projects. Citizens and participants experience frustration and distrust. The long-term development in organizations is scarce. Projects are seldom implemented meanwhile as the problems the projects were expected to target still are remaining or even are increasing.

A current challenge for many European countries is to enable forced migrants to access health and social care that meets their needs. One solution is to use paraprofessionals - that is, trained individuals who are not professionals - to act as bridge-builders between minority communities and the health and social care sectors. This paper explores the development of a quality improvement project in Sweden. The project aimed to recruit and train forced migrants who had lived in Sweden for more than five years to act as bridge-builders. The aim was to use their unique experiences and knowledge in two ways - to work with service staff in developing new ways of working, and to become culturally competent paraprofessionals working with their own communities. This paper focuses on how an understanding of the role evolved as the participants reflected on their experiences and undertook an inquiry process culminating in the development of three possible models of what the task of a bridge-builder should be in developing culturally appropriate health and social services that are responsive to the needs of forced migrants. The conclusion reflects on what was learned and how the experiences from this project may be useful for others who are struggling with the same kind of problem in Sweden and in other countries.

Barnens hälsa påverkas redan tidigt i livet av föräldrarnas livsvillkor. Låg social status, brist på vänner och stress tidigt i livet leder till hälsoskillnader. Familjecentraler med en öppen förskola och förebyggande socialt arbete är en tidig insats och en lågriskstrategi som riktar sig till alla. Den har goda förutsättningar för att stärka föräldrarnas tillit och gemenskap med andra och kan bidra till att minska hälsoskillnader genom att främja barnens hälsoutveckling. Syftena med utvärderingen av de 16 familjecentralerna var att undersöka i vilken mån besökarna är representativa för befolkningen i upptagningsområdet och av vilka anledningar föräldrarna besöker öppna förskolan på familjecentralen. Jämförelse mellan befintlig befolkningsdata i upptagningsområdena och föräldrabesökares bakgrundsdata visar att familjecentralen i huvudsak når en representativ del av befolkningen. Föräldrar använder sig av familjecentralen för att få råd, utbyte av erfarenheter, barnens skull och att umgås med andra. I synnerhet för invandrare har familjecentralen stor betydelse för att komma in i det svenska samhället.

Familjecentralens verksamhetsidé för öppna förskolan på familjecentraler – formulerat som en hypotes - har utvärderats steg för steg genom samla in data på sammanlagd sex familjecentraler för att pröva hållbarheten i hypotesen. Utvärderingen visar på ett föräldraskapande bland småbarnsföräldrar genom att de lär sig om barn och föräldraskap, får möjlighet att utöka sitt sociala kontaktnät och att bara vara i en trygg omgivning där socialt stöd finns till hands. De får tillsammans med andra känna sig ’good enough’ som en vanlig förälder med ett normalt barn. Professionell följsamhet utmärker personalens arbetssätt. De bedömer den ”mognadsgrad” som föräldern befinner sig i för att söka stöd och anpassar sitt förhållningssätt till föräldern genom fysiskt avstånd och djup i samtalet. På så vis kan pedagogiska, sociala och psykologiska mekanismer triggas igång och förklara de resultat som föräldrar upplever för dem själva och deras barn. Artikeln avslutas med en omformulerad hypotes om öppna förskolors verksamhet på familjecentraler.

OBJECTIVE: to use empirical data to assess the theoretical relevance of using a salutogenic, instead of a pathogenic, perspective to prevent smoking during pregnancy. DESIGN: quantitative study, a questionnaire was completed during the first trimester of pregnancy and an interview was conducted after the baby was born. SETTING: a geographically defined area in the south-east of Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: all 395 women in the study area who were pregnant during the study period 1994-1995. FINDINGS: the women were categorised according to their smoking habits. A significant difference in the sense of coherence (SOC) score was shown between smoking and non-smoking women in indicators of bad health. Women who relapsed to smoking showed a lower level of SOC, particularly in the manageability component, than others. The SOC score was higher in the whole study group than in other comparable, non-pregnant populations. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: a salutogenic perspective could be used in antenatal care as a basis for encouraging pregnant women to stop smoking. This could enhance the SOC by making smoking more understandable for the woman, by discussing smoking as a way of coping, and by encouraging the woman's own capacity and motivation to stop smoking. Starting a dialogue about smoking from the woman's point of view could do this, with the midwife and the woman exploring together the woman's thoughts about the smoking problem.

Background: The objective of this study was to assess different smoking patterns during and after pregnancy and relate these patterns to socioeconomic conditions and different health issues such as symptoms, drug consumption and health care use. Methods: The study group included 337 pregnant women from a district in south Sweden. A questionnaire was filled in during the first part of pregnancy and an interview was conducted after the baby was born. The women were categorised according to their smoking habits. Results: The categories defined were continuers, relapsers, decreasers, quitters and non-smokers. Among relapsers three symptoms, difficulty in relaxing (OR 4.48), restlessness (OR 9.59) and dysphoria (OR 3.98), were more common than among non-smokers. All three musculoskeletal symptoms were most common among continuers. Among quitters the OR for backache was 2.05, for numbness In the arms and legs 2.76 and for tearfulness 2.92. Educational level was relatively high among quitters and few had a smoking partner. Among smokers (decreasers, relapsers and continuers) 24% used drugs regularly, compared to 5% among non-smokers. Conclusions: To prevent smoking during pregnancy awareness of the relations between different smoking categories and symptoms could make it easier for hearth personnel to individualise support. A possible starting point is to discuss how to cope with different symptoms occurring during smoking cessation. Women with predictors for continued smoking during pregnancy, such as low education, unemployment, a smoking partner and multiparous, should be focused on more intensively and preventive strategies suitable for their special needs should be developed.

BACKGROUND: Samis are indigenous people in north Europe. In the territory called Sápmi (Lapland), reindeer herding is the traditional base for the Sami economy. The relation between living conditions and positive health of the Swedish Samis has been sparsely studied. As health is closely linked to sense of coherence (SOC), an understanding of the background factors to SOC may contribute knowledge that might be useful in promoting living conditions and health.

METHODS: The study examines relations between the level of SOC and background factors from surveys in a Sami population (n=613) in comparison to a non-Sami population (n=525) in Sweden, and in comparison between 2 subsamples of Samis, that is, herders and non-herders.

RESULTS: There are more similarities than differences between the Sami and non-Sami populations. However, dividing the Sami population, reindeer herders had significantly lower SOC, and in specific the subcomponent manageability, that is, less ability to use available resources to meet different demands in life, compared to non-herders.

CONCLUSIONS: In addition to age and health, predictors of SOC are related to the life form of reindeer husbandry and the belonging to the herding community.

Introduction: Family centres in Sweden are integrated services that reach all prospective parents and parents with children up to their sixth year, because of the co-location of the health service with the social service and the open pre-school. The personnel on the multi-professional site work together to meet the needs of the target group. The article explores a program theory focused on the open pre-schools at family centres.

Method: A multi-case design is used and the sample consists of open pre-schools at six family centres. The hypothesis is based on previous research and evaluation data. It guides the data collection which is collected and analysed stepwise. Both parents and personnel are interviewed individually and in groups at each centre.

Findings: The hypothesis was expanded to a program theory. The compliance of the professionals was the most significant element that explained why the open access service facilitated positive parenting. The professionals act in a compliant manner to meet the needs of the children and parents as well as in creating good conditions for social networking and learning amongst the parents.

Conclusion: The compliance of the professionals in this program theory of open pre-schools at family centres can be a standard in integrated and open access services, whereas the organisation form can vary. The best way of increasing the number of integrative services is to support and encourage professionals that prefer to work in a compliant manner.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the qualitatively different ways in which midwives make sense of how to approach women smokers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: a more person-centred national project 'Smoke-free pregnancy' has been in progress in Sweden since 1992. Using a phenomenographic approach, 24 midwives who have been regularly working in antenatal care were interviewed about addressing smoking during pregnancy. FINDINGS: four different story types of how the midwives made sense of their experiences in addressing smoking in pregnancy were identified: 'avoiding', 'informing', 'friend-making', 'co-operating'. KEY CONCLUSION: the midwives' story types about how they approached women who smoke illustrated the difficulties of changing from being an expert who gives information and advice to being an expert on how to enable a woman in finding out why she smoked and how to stop smoking. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: health education about smoking that is built on co-operation and dialogue was seen by the midwives as a productive way of working. The starting point should be the lay perspective of a woman, which means that her thoughts about smoking cessation are given the space to grow while she talks.

In general, most women are familiar with the need to stop smoking when they are pregnant. In spite of this, many women find it difficult to stop. Using a phenomenographic approach, this study explored Swedish pregnant and post-pregnant women's ways of making sense of smoking during pregnancy. A total of 17 women who either smoked throughout pregnancy or stopped smoking during pregnancy were interviewed. Five different story types of how they are making sense of smoking during pregnancy were identified: smoking can be justified; will stop later; my smoking might hurt the baby; smoking is just given up; smoking must be taken charge of. Based on the study it is argued that the approach used in health education in relation to smoking cessation in antenatal care needs to move from information transfer and advice-giving to the creation of a dialogue. The starting point should be the woman's knowledge, concerns, rationalizations and prejudices. A model is suggested in which a woman may move in a space on three axes depending on life encounters, dialogue and reflections on meaning. The goal in health education would be to encourage movement along three axes: 'increase of self-efficacy towards control', 'increase awareness by reflection on meaning of the smoking issue' and 'avoidance of defense of the smoking behavior'.

Bakgrund: Sorg är en normal reaktion i samband med närståendes död. Sorg är inteen sjukdom men kan ge besvär som liknar dem som uppkommer vid sjukdom. Om sorgeninte kan hanteras av personen som drabbas av sorg kan den leda till kompliceradsorg och sorgeprocessen förlängs. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom vård och omsorgmöter anhöriga som upplever sorg i samband med närstående döende och död ochbehöver ha kunskap och förståelse för hur deras situation kan vara för att kunna geadekvat stöd för anhöriga i sorg.

Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av sorg i samband med vuxen närståendesdöd.

Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativstudiedesign. Vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram i databaserna Cinahl Complete, Pub-Med och PsycINFO. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån kvalitativa kvalitetskriterieroch analysen av studiernas resultat genomfördes utifrån Fribergs analysmetod för litteraturöversikter.

Resultat: Upplevelsen av sorg delas in i två kategorier och tio underkategorier. En känslomässigbelastning och att känna sig vilsen och oviss med underkategorierna Chockoch oförmåga att minnas, Smärta, Ångest och ledsenhet, Skuld och lättnad, Ensamhetoch saknad, Ovisshet samt Vilsenhet. Omgivningens agerande förvärrar och lindrarsorgen med underkategorierna Att mötas av personer som inte förstår, Att få informationsom ger förståelse samt Att få känslomässigt stöd.

Diskussion: Studiens kvalitet diskuteras utifrån trovärdighetsbegreppen tillförlitlighet,verifierbarhet, pålitlighet och överförbarhet. I resultatdiskussionen diskuteras de trecentrala fynden: upplevelser av skuld, ovisshet och betydelsen av känslomässigt stödvid sorg. Fynden diskuteras i relation till personcentrerad vård och sjuksköterskorsbehov av kunskap för att kunna möta personer i sorg.

Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva vad pedagoger i förskolan samt på högstadiet har för upplevelse av specialpedagogens uppdrag. Den metod som är vald för studien är semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in data. I vår studie har vi intervjuat tio pedagoger, varav fem är verksamma inom förskolan samt fem verksamma på högstadiet. Samtliga pedagoger är verksamma i olika verksamheter i den kommunala barnomsorgen och skolan, de arbetar dock inom samma kommun. Den teoretiska utgångspunkt som vi använt oss av är det sociokulturella perspektivet. Den tidigare forskningen visar att specialpedagogen förväntas göra många olika arbetsuppgifter som inte ingår i deras uppdrag ute på arbetsplatserna. Handledning är något som många gånger hamnar i skymundan på grund av det. Många gånger används inte specialpedagogens kompetens fullt ut. Specialpedagogen har många gånger enskild undervisning eller undervisning i liten grupp med elever som är i behov av särskilt stöd. Den tidigare forskningen visar även att specialpedagogen och rektorns relation är avgörande för om specialpedagogen ska kunna genomföra sitt arbete så som det är tänkt. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns en osäkerhet kring specialpedagogens uppdrag, främst hos pedagogerna på högstadiet. Resultatet visar även att dem inom förskolan har kunskap om hur de söker den specialpedagogiska kompetensen. Det visade sig att elevhälsateamets arbete kom pedagogerna tillkännedom, trots det ansåg pedagogerna på högstadiet att elevhälsateamet var en stor del av det förebyggande arbetet. Slutsatsen vi drar är att specialpedagogens uppdrag är otydlig och det behöver vara en tydlig organisation kring den yrkesfunktionen så att den kommer alla till del.

Bakgrund:Cirka 80 procent av Sveriges befolkning kommer någon gång i livet att drabbas av ryggsmärta. Ryggsmärta är en av de största anledningarna till att patienterna söker vård vilket ställer stora krav på sjukvårdspersonalen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur patienter med långvarig ryggsmärta upplever möten med vårdpersonal. Metod: Under litteraturstudiens gång har elva vetenskapliga artiklar analyserats och sammanställts. Detta resulterade i två presenterade kategorier. Resultat: Att känna sig delaktig i sin egen vård visade sig vara viktigt för patienterna. När vårdpersonalen lyssnade på patienterna och accepterade dem som experter på deras egen smärta kände de sig mer delaktiga. Patienternas känsla av misstro berodde på att de kände sig betraktade som hypokondriker och lögnare. De önskade också att få tillbringa tillräckligt med tid med sin vårdpersonal. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att vårdpersonalen tillåter patienter att vara delaktiga i sin vård. Genom att erbjuda patienterna tillräckligt mycket tid för samtal om deras smärta blir det möjligt att skapa en förståelse för det individuella lidandet och att minska misstron.

Asperger´s syndrome is a state with certain difficulties in social relations, communication and perception. People with Asperger´s syndrome often have a special interest for a certain topic. The main purpose of this study was to describe how grown people with Asperger´s syndrome make sense of living with Asperger´s syndrome. The inquiry was based on semi-structured interviews with eight persons with Asperger´s syndrome. We reached those subjects trough interest organisations for people with Asperger´s syndrome. The results showed that the subjects did not experience Asperger´s syndrome as a disability, rather they mentioned it as a personality trait. Since Aspergers syndrome is not visible, the surrounding has difficulties to understand the behaviour connected to this condition. This is one of the reasons why people with Aspergers syndrome have problems on the labour market. People with Asperger´s syndrome are at risk of being stigmatised because of their deviant behaviour and the surrounding sometimes treat them condescending. The subjects thought that it is important that professional helpers act in an honest and concrete way when dealing with persons who have Asperger´s syndrome.

This is a qualitative study based on eight interviews, four of which have been probation inspectors and three have been external controllers, or controllers as they say, and one have been an email interview with the headquarters of the correctional treatment. The interviews have been made on probation service offices in southern Sweden.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the professionals in Probation service see their work with intensive supervision with electronic monitoring. We are interested in their work from mainly three aspects, how they look at their control, how they see the intensive supervision with electronic monitoring as collective punishment and how they work with the client's family.

In our results it emerges through interviews that probation staff in general find it difficult to work with the Children Convention (CRC) and the law when it comes to intensive supervision with electronic monitoring. They mostly do not believe that intensive supervision with electronic monitoring is a collective punishment for the adults but when it comes to children it becomes a longer discussion with different arguments and thoughts.

Our results have found that in comparison to prison, most people seem to find that intensive supervision with electronic monitoring is a decent punishment. Most of the professionals are aware, and think it's important to recognize, that they are in a position of power in relation to the client.

In the analysis, we establish an outcome from the interviews into our theories and trying to find a connection between them.

Objective:  To evaluate the Dental Hygienist Beliefs Survey (DHBS) and the test–retest reliability of DHBS in a group of general dental patients.

Material and methods:  The DHBS, which is a questionnaire constructed to assess patients’ specific attitudes towards dental hygienists (DHs), was distributed together with the Dental Anxiety Scale adapted to specifically assess fear of DH treatment (DHAS). It was hypothesized that DHBS would correlate with DHAS and gender. The questionnaires were consecutively distributed to 80 patients at their first visit and after a clinical examination performed by a DH student. Retest assessments of DHBS were conducted approximately two weeks later in conjunction with the next visit at the DH student and before treatment (scaling session). The final study sample included 77 adult general dental patients in treatment at an education clinic for DH students.

Results:  The results verified a statistically significant correlation between DHBS and DHAS. The DHBS sum of scores showed high internal consistency with Cronbach’s a coefficient of 0.88 and 0.91 at the first and second assessments, respectively, and the test–retest reliability of the DHBS was acceptable with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76. No statistically significant association was found between DHBS and gender.

Conclusion:  The results suggest that the DHBS is a reliable and stable scale to use to assess patients’ specific attitudes towards DHs. Moreover, DH beliefs are associated with fear of DH treatment.

Studiens syfte är att fokusera på om och i så fall hur lärare säger sig omsätta differentiering i praktiken för att möta elevers naturliga variationer i arbetet med sexåringar. Denna kvalitativa studie belyser och förklarar hur lärare säger sig differentiera i sexårsverksamhet, styrning av differentiering och konsekvenser av differentiering.

I den empiriska delen av studien ingick sju lärare som blev intervjuade och resultatet tolkades ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.

Huvudresultatet visar på att lärare differentierar genom olika gruppkonstellationer utom då läromedel används samt att innehållet i undervisningen inte differentieras. Lärarna beskriver differentiering som en strategi för att möta elevers olika förutsättningar och behov.

People with back- and neck pain are common in primary care. Lot of patients don´t get the help needed. Meanwhile the public´s interest in Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is growing. Need was identified to in the Healthcare system increase the knowledge about CAM´s options of treatment. The aim of this study was describing peoples experiences associated with back-and neck pain and reflexological treatment. The method was qualitative approach with semistructured interviews that analysed with contentanalysis. Sample included seven clients soughted reflexological treatment for back-and/or neck pain, wich identified through three flexologists in South Sweden. In The result the category Everyday life was identified with subcategories Pain and ache, Attempts to adapt and also Seek care and treatment. In the category Physically and mentally sensations subcategories Personal treatment, Zone pain, Increasing of circulation and also relaxation was identified. In the category Change in everyday life subcategories Symptom relief, Help to self-help and also work and sports were observed. Conclusion is that Reflexological treatment relief pain for people with back- and neck pain, it also provides chance for relaxation, better sleep, be able to work and to get new energy. More research about reflexological treatment is needed.

Vårt syftet med C-uppsatsen är att ur en pedagogisk synvinkel få en inblick i pedagogers uppfattning om sin kompetens i hur man möter barn i sorg. För att ta reda på detta har vi intervjuat sex pedagoger i södra Sverige. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vi har bearbetat litteratur som belyser pedagogens handlande och skolans roll. Vi har även behandlat litteratur som tar upp vilka olika krisfaser man går igenom när man har drabbats av en traumatisk händelse. Vi har även jämfört litteraturen med våra intervjupersoners svar och analyserat och diskuterat dessa utifrån en hermeneutisk analysmetod.

Vi har kommit fram till att pedagogerna anser att deras kompetens är god. Dock har inte alla fått någon fortbildning inom området.