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  • 101.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Några intressanta spindelfynd från Gotland2002In: Fazett, ISSN 1100-2425, Vol. 15, no 2, p. 35-40Article in journal (Other academic)
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    Gotland
  • 102.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Lund.
    Spiders of the Skäralid Gorge, southernmost Sweden1998In: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997 / [ed] P. A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, 1998, p. 273-276Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The spider fauna of the Skäralid Gorge, in southernmost Sweden, was investigated in 1994 and 1995. Nine stations in partially different biotopes were sampled with pitfall traps. Trees, bushes and cliffs were also investigated by various methods. The slopes and screes are sparsely populated. However, in most biotopes diversity is rather high. On the northern slopes and in the bottom of the gorge some cold-adapted northern species are found. In the rather dark, shaded and, moist bottom of the gorge live typical forest species, including some rare spiders such as Robertus neglectus, Lepthyphantes angulatus, Diplocentria bidentata and Coelotes atropos. The sunny slopes have the most interesting spider fauna, with rich populations of Atypus affinis, Pardosa alacris, Liocranum rupicola, Zelotes subterraneus, Scotina celans, and Sitticus pubescens. Three species of Pardosa lugubris s.l. live in Skäralid: P. lugubris s.s. in the shaded, forested parts, P. saltans on partially shaded slopes and P. alacris in sunnier and stonier parts of the southern slopes. On trees and bushes on the slopes some thermophilous species can be found, such as Araniella inconspicua. 

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    Skäralid
  • 103. Jonsson, Lars J.
    Spindlar på och i hus1996In: Fazett, ISSN 1100-2425, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 17-23Article in journal (Other academic)
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    Spindlar på och i hus
  • 104.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Lund.
    Taggspindeln Cheiracanthium elegans, ny för Nordeuropa, med en kort översikt av släktets svenska arter1995In: Entomologisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0013-886X, Vol. 116, no 1-2, p. 55-58Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 105.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Lund.
    The distribution and habitat of Pocadicnemis and P. juncea (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in Sweden1995In: Arachnologische Mitteilungen, ISSN 1018-4171, Vol. 9, p. 46-48Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 106.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Lund.
    Tofsspindeln - en spindelart som invaderat Europas växthus1998In: Fauna och flora : populär tidskrift för biologi, ISSN 0014-8903, Vol. 93, no 3, p. 119-124Article in journal (Other academic)
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    Uloborus
  • 107.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    Lund.
    Tre för Sverige nya spindelarter (Araneae)1990In: Entomologisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0013-886X, Vol. 111, no 3, p. 83-86Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 108.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Andersson, Pia
    Spindlar och lockespindlar funna på Lilla Karlsö2008In: Körkmacken, Vol. 49, p. 14-16Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 109.
    Jonsson, Lars J.
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Bergsten, Johannes
    Spindelfynd från Umetrakten med en komprimerad lista över Sveriges spindlar2005In: Natur i Norr, ISSN 0280-5618, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 97-102Article in journal (Other academic)
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    Umetrakten
  • 110.
    Jönsson, Ingemar K.
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Tardigrades: evolutionary explorers in extreme environments2020In: Extremophiles as astrobiological models / [ed] Seckbach, J. & Stan-Lotter, H., Beverly: Scrivener Publishing LLC , 2020, 1, p. 255-274Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Tardigrades have long been recognized for their ability to survive the most extreme environmental conditions. In particular, the widespread ability of tardigrades to dehydrate and enter a state ofarrested metabolism (cryptobiosis) has allowed these aquatic animals to persist in habitats regularly deprived of water. The evolutionary strategy to allow metabolic arrest during periods of hostile conditionshas several advantages, including arrest of the biological clock and energy consumption, but since all cryptobiotic animal taxa have very small body size there must be physical or physiological constraints preventing this strategy to evolve in larger animals. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cryptobiotic tardigrades has improved considerably over the last decade, much due to the genome and transcriptome sequencing of some species. Although we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of how tardigrades maintain cellular structure under complete dehydration, it is clear that multiple molecular mechanisms with carbohydrates and proteins are involved, and that different adaptive mechanisms have evolved within tardigrades. Based on their documented tolerances, tardigrades made their entrance into astrobiology with the FOTON-M3 mission in 2007, and were the first animals to survive a combined exposure to space vacuum, cosmic radiation and UV radiation. With their ancient adaptations for coping with environmental extremes, tardigrades are excellent animals for studies of how early metazoan life evolved, and for understanding the constraints of cryptobiotic adaptations. Most tardigrades do not fit within the traditional definition of extremophiles, but rather belong to the category of extremotolerant organisms, surviving extreme conditions but with optimal performance under more normal environmental conditions. However, tardigrades have been reported from some permanently extreme environments, such as deep sea and hot and radioactive springs, and more studies of these populations would be of great interest.

  • 111.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Björndjur2001In: Biologen, ISSN 0345-1127, no 1, p. 43-47Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 112.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Djuret som pendlar mellan liv och död2001In: Finlands natur, ISSN 0356-4509, no 3, p. 22-24Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 113.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Inget liv utan vatten2001In: Forskning och framsteg, ISSN 0015-7937, no 6, p. 59-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 114.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lunds universitet.
    On the disparate terminological use of the concept cryptobiosis2004In: Journal of Fish Diseases, ISSN 0140-7775, E-ISSN 1365-2761, Vol. 27, no 3, p. 175-176Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conceptual and terminological consistency is an important component of science, promoting clarity and preventing confusion. Scientists should therefore always try to avoid giving different meanings to the same term. Apart from this general aspect, multiple definitions of a single term also give rise to practical problems, particularly in connection with literature search. In this note, I will bring attention to a term, cryptobiosis, that has relatively recently appeared in the field of fish disease research, but which has a much longer history and use in a completely different area.

    The concept of cryptobiosis was introduced by Keilin (1959) and defined as ‘the state of an organism when it shows no visible signs of life and when its metabolic activity becomes hardly measurable, or comes reversibly to a standstill’ (Keilin 1959, p. 166). Cryptobiosis replaced the earlier term anabiosis, and is today generally accepted as the common term for different ametabolic life forms (e.g. Clegg 2001; Wright 2001). Cryptobiosis means ‘hidden life’, an appropriate name for a state in which all traditional attributes of life (metabolism, reproduction, DNA replication) are absent. Cryptobiotic life forms have been documented in a variety of organisms, including both plants and animals, but in the latter category mainly among invertebrates (Wright, Westh & Ramløv 1992). Cryptobiosis is commonly induced by desiccation (so-called anhydrobiosis; e.g. Keilin 1959; Jönsson 2001), and aquatic invertebrates such as rotifers, nematodes and tardigrades living in microhabitats exposed to rapid desiccation frequently enter a cryptobiotic state. The research field dealing with cryptobiotic, sensu ametabolic, life forms has expanded considerably during the last 30 years, to a large extent fuelled by the detection of the ability of the disaccharide trehalose to protect dry and frozen biological cells (Crowe 2002).

    More recently, a completely different use of the term cryptobiosis has appeared in the literature on fish disease. In this literature, the term refers to infections of fish by biflagellated protozoa of the genus Cryptobia. Because of the economic importance of salmonid fish, much of the Cryptobia research has focused on Cryptobia salmositica (Katz) that infects salmonids (Woo 2001). The origin of the term cryptobiosis within fish pathology and studies of Cryptobia is unclear, but the earliest record of the term that I have found is Obradovic & Fijan (1979) who used it in a paper on chemotherapeutic treatment against Cryptobia in carp. From 1987 onwards, Woo et al. have used the term frequently (e.g. Woo, Leatherland & Lee 1987; Woo 1987, 1998, 2001), but apparently without any comments on the original proposal of the term. Curiously, few other researchers on Cryptobia seem to have adopted the cryptobiosis terminology, at least as judged from an examination of published titles. Other authors have instead used the expression ‘infections by Cryptobia’. Although using cryptobiosis as a term for infections by Cryptobia is consistent with the rule of creating names for infectious diseases by putting -osis as a post-fix to the name of the infecting organism, in the current case it creates terminological confusion.

    The problems of using the term cryptobiosis in several unrelated fields are obvious. A title such as ‘The biology of cryptobiosis’ would attract the attention of many students interested in ametabolic life forms. They would be disappointed, however, if the paper turned out to be about Cryptobia infection biology. Similarly, fish biologists would find the publication irrelevant to their research if it were properly confined to ametabolic life forms.

    Because ‘cryptobiosis’ as a term for ametabolic life forms is well established and has been used for more than 40 years, it should have priority over the more recent and limited use within fish pathology. I therefore hope that fish pathologists will avoid using the term cryptobiosis and instead use ‘infections by Cryptobia’, ‘cryptobiasis’ or some other term that does not interfere with already established terminology.

  • 115.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Population density and species composition of moss-living tardigrades in a boreo-nemoral forest2003In: Ecography, ISSN 0906-7590, E-ISSN 1600-0587, Vol. 26, no 3, p. 356-364Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates for the first time the tardigrade fauna in a variety of different mosses from a coniferous forest and an adjacent clear-cut area in southern Sweden. Tardigrades were found in a majority of the samples. Sixteen species were recorded, of which the cosmopolitan species Macrobiotus hufelandi was the far most common. Some mosses, particularly species with "wefts" growth form, contained more tardigrades than other mosses, indicating that growth form may have an impact on tardigrade abundance. Mosses of the same species collected from a forest and from a clear-cut, respectively, did not show a general trend in the overall abundance of tardigrades, but the forest tended to contain more species. Five species of tardigrades (Murrayon dianae, Isohypsibius sattleri, Platicrista angustata, Diphascon belgicae and Diphascon pingue) never previously reported from Sweden were recorded.

  • 116.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Radiation tolerance in tardigrades: current knowledge and potential applications in medicine2019In: Cancers, ISSN 2072-6694, Vol. 11, no 9Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tardigrades represent a phylum of very small aquatic animals in which many species have evolved adaptations to survive under extreme environmental conditions, such as desiccation and freezing. Studies on several species have documented that tardigrades also belong to the most radiation-tolerant animals on Earth. This paper gives an overview of our current knowledge on radiation tolerance of tardigrades, with respect to dose-responses, developmental stages, and different radiation sources. The molecular mechanisms behind radiation tolerance in tardigrades are still largely unknown, but omics studies suggest that both mechanisms related to the avoidance of DNA damage and mechanisms of DNA repair are involved. The potential of tardigrades to provide knowledge of importance for medical sciences has long been recognized, but it is not until recently that more apparent evidence of such potential has appeared. Recent studies show that stress-related tardigrade genes may be transfected to human cells and provide increased tolerance to osmotic stress and ionizing radiation. With the recent sequencing of the tardigrade genome, more studies applying tardigrade omics to relevant aspects of human medicine are expected. In particular, the cancer research field has potential to learn from studies on tardigrades about molecular mechanisms evolved to maintain genome integrity.

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  • 117.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Skendödens mästare1999In: Forskning och framsteg, ISSN 0015-7937, no 7, p. 38-41Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 118.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    The evolution of life histories in holo-anhydrobiotic animals: a first approach2005In: Integrative and Comparative Biology, ISSN 1540-7063, E-ISSN 1557-7023, Vol. 45, no 5, p. 764-770Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The life histories of holo-anhydrobiotic animals differ from those of all other organisms by a regular or irregular entrance into an ametabolic state induced by desiccation. Such ametabolic periods will arrest growth and reproduction completely and thus affect primary life history parameters dramatically. The selective forces and the genetic and physiological trade-offs acting on anhydrobiotic animals are to a large extent unknown. Assuming low growth rates and low juvenile to adult survival, general theoretical models on life history responses to stress predict that anhydrobiotic animals will be selected for a high degree of iteroparity, with low fecundity, large egg size, and low total reproductive investment. A high degree of variability in growth and reproduction should create a selective force in the same direction. Although basic empirical data on life history parameters are very scarce, available observations seem to be consistent with this prediction.

  • 119.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Tuffa djur prövas i rymden2007In: Populär astronomi, ISSN 1650-7177, Vol. 8, no 4, p. 10-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 120.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Lund University.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Mats
    Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Torudd, Jesper
    Stockholm University.
    Radiation tolerance in the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer2005In: International Journal of Radiation Biology, ISSN 0955-3002, E-ISSN 1362-3095, Vol. 81, no 9, p. 649-656Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PURPOSE: Tardigrades have a reputation of being extremely tolerant to extreme environmental conditions including tolerance to ionizing radiation while in a desiccated, anhydrobiotic state. However, the evidence for radio-tolerance in tardigrades is based on only one previous report, and there is an obvious need for complementary studies. In this paper we report an investigation on radio-tolerance in desiccated and hydrated specimens of the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Groups of 30 - 50 tardigrades were exposed to gamma-radiation at doses between 1.0 - 9.0 (anhydrobiotic animals) or 0.5 - 5.0 (hydrated animals) kGy and the animals were followed until all were dead. Radiation tolerance of both desiccated and hydrated tardigrades was studied.

    RESULTS: Both desiccated and hydrated animals irradiated with 0.5 and 1 kGy did not deviate in survival from the control groups. Animals from all exposed groups underwent their moulting and egg production cycle, but at decreasing frequency for doses above 1 kGy. No eggs laid by irradiated animals hatched, while eggs laid by controls did so.

    CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that radiation tolerance in tardigrades is not due to biochemical protectants connected with the desiccated state. Rather, cryptobiotic tardigrades may rely on efficient mechanisms of DNA repair, the nature of which is currently unknown.

  • 121.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Hygum, Thomas L
    Danmark.
    Andersen, Kasper N
    Danmark.
    Clausen, Lykke K. B.
    Danmark.
    Møbjerg, Nadja
    Danmark.
    Tolerance to gamma radiation in the marine heterotardigrade, Echiniscoides sigismundi2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 12, article id e0168884Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tardigrades belong to the most radiation tolerant animals on Earth, as documented by a number of studies using both low-LET and high-LET ionizing radiation. Previous studies have focused on semi-terrestrial species, which are also very tolerant to desiccation. The predominant view on the reason for the high radiation tolerance among these semi-terrestrial species is that it relies on molecular mechanisms that evolved as adaptations for surviving dehydration. In this study we report the first study on radiation tolerance in a marine tardigrade, Echiniscoides sigismundi. Adult specimens in the hydrated active state were exposed to doses of gamma radiation from 100 to 5000 Gy. The results showed little effect of radiation at 100 and 500 Gy but a clear decline in activity at 1000 Gy and higher. The highest dose survived was 4000 Gy, at which ca. 8% of the tardigrades were active 7 days after irradiation. LD50 in the first 7 days after irradiation was in the range of 1100±1600 Gy. Compared to previous studies on radiation tolerance in semi-terrestrial and limnic tardigrades, Echiniscoides sigismundi seems to have a lower tolerance. However, the species still fits into the category of tardigrades that have high tolerance to both desiccation and radiation, supporting the hypothesis that radiation tolerance is a by-product of adaptive mechanisms to survive desiccation. More studies on radiation tolerance in tardigrade species adapted to permanently wet conditions, both marine and freshwater, are needed to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the patterns of radiation tolerance.

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  • 122.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Lund University.
    Järemo, Johannes
    Lund University.
    A model on the evolution of cryptobiosis2003In: Annales Zoologici Fennici, ISSN 0003-455X, E-ISSN 1797-2450, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 331-340Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cryptobiosis is an ametabolic state of life entered by some lower organisms (among metazoans mainly rotifers, tardigrades and nematodes) in response to adverse environmental conditions. Despite a long recognition of cryptobiotic organisms, the evolutionary origin and life history consequences of this biological phenomenon have remained unexplored. We present one of the first theoretical models on the evolution of cryptobiosis, using a hypothetical population of marine tardigrades that migrates between open sea and the tidal zone as the model framework. Our model analyses the conditions under which investments into anhydrobiotic (cryptobiosis induced by desiccation) functions will evolve, and which factors affect the optimal level Of Such investments. In particular, we evaluate how the probability of being exposed to adverse conditions (getting stranded) and the consequences for survival Of Such exposure (getting desiccated) affects the option for cryptobiosis to evolve. The optimal level of investment into anhydrobiotic traits increases with increasing probability of being stranded as well as with increasing negative survival effects of being stranded. However, our analysis shows that the effect on survival of being stranded is a more important parameter than the probability of stranding for the evolution of anhydrobiosis. The existing, although limited, evidence from empirical studies seems to support some of these predictions.

  • 123.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Levin, Eliana B
    USA & Colombia.
    Wojcik, Andrzej
    Stockholm University.
    Haghdoost, Siamak
    Stockholm University & France.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Mats
    Stockholm University.
    Environmental adaptations: radiation tolerance2019In: Water bears: the biology of tardigrades / [ed] Ralph O Schill, Springer, 2019, p. 311-330Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Several studies in different species have documented that tardigrades are among the most radiation-tolerant animals on Earth, surviving doses of ionizing radiation on the order of kGy. Both low-LET and high-LET radiation have been used with no apparent differences in the tolerance of the animals. Tolerance to ionizing radiation in tardigrades also seems to be independent of whether the animal has entered a dry anhydrobiotic state or is hydrated with normal activity. However, when exposed to UV radiation, desiccated tardigrades show a higher tolerance than hydrated animals. Recent studies in several species have shown that tardigrade embryos have considerably lower tolerance to ionizing radiation compared to adults, and embryos in the early stage of development are clearly more sensitive to radiation than those in the late developmental stage. The molecular mechanisms behind radiation tolerance in tardigrades are still largely unclear, but available evidence suggests that mechanisms related to both the avoidance of DNA damage and the repair of damage are involved.

  • 124.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Forskningsmiljön Man and Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Persson, Ola
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Trehalose in three species of desiccation tolerant tardigrades2010In: Open Zoology Journal, ISSN 1874-3366, Vol. 3, p. 1-5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report a study on the presence of the disaccharide trehalose in three desiccation tolerant tardigrades. This sugar has long been suggested to play a protective role in desiccation tolerant animals. Trehalose was found in all species, with increased levels in dehydrated specimens of Macrobiotus islandicus, and possibly also in Macrobiotus krynauwi, both belonging to the family Macrobiotidae. In the third species, Milnesium tardigradum, very low amounts of trehalose were found, with no increase in the dehydrated state. This species has previously been reported to lack trehalose. Induction of trehalose has been reported only for species in the family Macrobiotidae, where also the highest levels have been found. Although the role of trehalose in the desiccation tolerance of tardigrades remains unclear, the diverging patterns in response to desiccation are interesting. Further studies of higher tardigrade taxa are needed in order to understand the evolutionary history of trehalose in these invertebrates.

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  • 125.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Schill, Ralph O
    Tyskland.
    Rabbow, Elke
    Tyskland.
    Rettberg, Petra
    Tyskland.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Mats
    Stockholm University.
    The fate of the TARDIS offspring: no intergenerational effects of space exposure in Milnesium tardigradum2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In September 2007 tardigrades became the first animal in the history to survive the combined effect of exposure to space vacuum, cosmic radiation, and ultra-violet radiation in low Earth orbit. The main results from this experiment were reported in 2008, but some of the results have remained unpublished. Here we report that no delayed effects of the exposure to space could be detected in the descendants (up to F3 generation) of space exposed Milnesium tardigradum. This indicates that individual tardigrades that survived the damage induced by environmental agents in space, and were able to reproduce, did not transfer any delayed damage to later generations. Repair of environmentally induced damage may therefore follow a “make or break” rule, such that a damaged animal either fails to repair all damage and dies, or repairs damage successfully and leaves no mutations to descendants. We also provide previously unreported data on two tardigrade species, Echiniscus testudo and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri, that showed high survival after exposure to space vacuum and cosmic radiation within the TARDIS experiment.

  • 126.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Schill, Ralph
    Tyskland.
    Rabbow, Elke
    Tyskland.
    Rettberg, Petra
    Tyskland.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Mats
    Stockholm University.
    The fate of the TARDIS offspring: no intergenerational effects of space exposure2016In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, ISSN 0024-4082, E-ISSN 1096-3642, Vol. 178, no 4, p. 924-930Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In September 2007 tardigrades became the first animal in history to survive the combined effect of exposure to space vacuum, cosmic radiation and ultraviolet radiation in low Earth orbit. The main results from this experiment were reported in 2008, but some of the results have remained unpublished. Here we report that descendant generations of space-exposed tardigrades of the species Milnesium tardigradum did not show reduced performance. This indicates that individual tardigrades that survived the exposure to environmental extremes in space, and were able to reproduce, did not transfer any damage to later generations. Repair of environmentally induced damage may therefore follow a ‘make or break’ rule, such that a damaged animal either fails to repair all damage and dies, or repairs damage successfully and leaves no mutations to descendants. We also report that two additional tardigrade species, Echiniscus testudo and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri, showed high survival after exposure to space vacuum and cosmic radiation within the TARDIS experiment.

  • 127.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    et al.
    Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Wojcik, Andrzej
    Stockholms universitet.
    Tolerance to X-rays and Heavy Ions (Fe, He) in the Tardigrade Richtersius coronifer and the Bdelloid Rotifer Mniobia russeola2017In: Astrobiology, ISSN 1531-1074, E-ISSN 1557-8070, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 163-167Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to analyze tolerance to heavy ions in desiccated animals of the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer and the bdelloid rotifer Mniobia russeola within the STARLIFE project. Both species were exposed to iron (Fe) and helium (He) ions at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) in Chiba, Japan, and to X-rays at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne, Germany. Results show no effect of Fe and He on viability up to 7 days post-rehydration in both R. coronifer and M. russeola, while X-rays tended to reduce viability in R. coronifer at the highest doses. Mean egg production rate tended to decline with higher doses in R. coronifer for all radiation types, but the pattern was not statistically confirmed. In M. russeola, there was no such tendency for a dose response in egg production rate. These results confirm the previously reported high tolerance to high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation in tardigrades and show for the first time that bdelloid rotifers are also very tolerant to high-LET radiation. These animal phyla represent the most desiccation- and radiation-tolerant animals on Earth and provide excellent eukaryotic models for astrobiological research. 

  • 128.
    Kaminski, Richard M.
    et al.
    Mississippi State University.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man and Biosphere Health (MABH).
    An introduction to habitat use and selection by waterfowl in the northern hemisphere2014In: Wildfowl, ISSN 0954-6324, E-ISSN 2052-6458, no Special Issue 4, p. 9-16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This introductory article aims to provide a theoretical framework to the topics of habitat use and selection by waterfowl (i.e. family Anatidae) in the northern hemisphere during the four stages of their annual cycle: autumn migration and winter, spring migration and pre-breeding, nesting and brood rearing, and postbreeding and moulting. Papers addressing each of these seasonal sectors of the annual cycle, which follow this introduction, were presented at the 6th North American Duck Symposium, “Ecology and Conservation of North American Waterfowl” in Memphis, Tennessee in January 2013. Here, we consider the theory and selected empirical evidence relevant to waterfowl habitat and resource use and selection that may affect individual survival and fitness of waterfowl in Nearctic and Palearctic ecozones. Additionally, where possible, a comparative taxonomic approach is attempted in the following papers to identify and generalise patterns in habitat and resource use and selection across waterfowl taxa that may influence biological outcomes for individuals, populations and species through space and time. Each of the subsequent papers use accumulated science-based information to recommend future opportunities and strategies for research and for habitat and population conservation. Collectively, our goals in synthesising information on waterfowl are to help sustain harvestable populations of waterfowl and to protect rare species amid worldwide changes in climate, landscape, economics, socio-politics and growth of human populations.

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  • 129. Lacoursière, Jean O.
    et al.
    Boisvert, JL
    Short-term Maintenance System for Black Fly Larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)1987In: Journal of medical entomology, ISSN 0022-2585, E-ISSN 1938-2928, Vol. 24, no 4, p. 463-466Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A simple, readily transportable apparatus for maintenance of black fly larvae in the laboratory is proposed as an alternative to a full-scale rearing system. This compact apparatus of the compressed-air type can maintain dense populations of black fly larvae without time-consuming manipulation. Large numbers of Simulium venustum Say complex, Simulium decorum Walker, and Prosimulium mixtum Syme & Davies group larvae (> 1,200 larvae per liter) were maintained successfully at low temperature in our laboratories for 3 – 5 mo. Mortality rates for mid- to late instars of each of the three species were <5%. Large areas of removable substrate allow easy access to larvae. This system can be used in the field to transport larvae to the laboratory, where they can be maintained or reared to the adult stage.

  • 130. Lacoursière, Jean O.
    et al.
    Craig, DA
    A small flume for studying the influence of hydrodynamic factors on benthic invertebrate behaviour1990In: Journal of The North American Benthological Society, ISSN 0887-3593, E-ISSN 1937-237X, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 358-367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A compact, versatile flume for studying the influence of hydrodynamic factors on the behaviour of benthic invertebrates is described. A range of lotic micro-environments can be simulated under controlled and replicable conditions by tailoring the velocity profile at the entrance of the test section. A specially designed diffuser composed of an array of adjustable horizontal rods allows tailored flow (e.g., zone of high shear stress, adjustable velocity gradient and turbulence level) to which organisms can be exposed. Water velocities of up to a maximum of 81.5 plus or minus 0.6 cm/s, with a turbulence intensity of 0.8% can be achieved. Simultaneous observations of flow and organism behaviours can be done by means of standard flow visualization techniques. Compact (72 cm long x 22 cm high x 10 cm wide; volume 10 L) and easily transportable, this flume is an inexpensive "desk-top" version of larger, more bulky systems, without sacrifice of performance and versatility.

  • 131. Lacoursière, Jean O.
    et al.
    Craig, DA
    Fluid transmission and filtration efficiency of the labral fans of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae): Hydrodynamic, morphological, and behavioural aspects1993In: Canadian Journal of Zoology, ISSN 0008-4301, E-ISSN 1480-3283, Vol. 71, no 1, p. 148-162Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Body stance and water flow through the labral fans of suspension-feeding Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt larvae were examined using dead and live larvae. Transmission of flowing water through the fans were determined by means of dye injections. Feeding stance is the outcome of an active feedback process between flow forces and behavioural reactions that maintains the fans in an optimal filtering position. Fans responded to velocity increases through structural reconfiguration, which resulted in an increase in aperture size. As the velocity decreased, an increased fraction of the water directly approaching the fan aperture flowed around its perimeter, with no flow through the fans below 2.5 cm/s. Fluid transmission never exceeded 30-35%, even at velocities up to 50 cm/s. Calculations of suspension-feeding efficiency are reformulated to reflect labral fan transmission and behavioural components of the feeding process. Simulium vittatum larvae are consequently showed to be 4-26 times more efficient in filter feeding than has been previously assessed. The effect of flow on labral fan transmission is discussed in relation to known habitat choices and feeding behaviours of simuliid larvae.

  • 132. Lacoursière, Jean O.
    et al.
    Dahl, C
    Widahl, L E
    Use of the continuity principle to evaluate water processing rate of suspension-feeding mosquito larvae1999In: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, ISSN 8756-971X, E-ISSN 1943-6270, Vol. 15, no 2, p. 228-237Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water processing rates of active suspension-feeding larvae of Culiseta morsitans and Cities quinquefasciatus 2nd and 4th instars were estimated through video image analysis of the conical jet flow driving the large recirculation patterns surrounding the organisms. In accordance with the principle of continuity, individual processing rates (PRs) were assessed by averaging a series of consecutive flow rates (Q(x)) defined as the product of the water velocity (U-x) and the associated cross-sectional area (A(x)) along a transect passing through the center of the delineated jet flow. Results clearly show very tight adherence to the principle of continuity. They also demonstrate that, although extreme care must be taken when streamtube delineation is performed, the methodology used can generate reliable assessment of individual processing rates regardless of the instars or species studied. The small coefficient of variation observed in assessing PR at the larval level further underlines the consistency of the method. Significant differences in water processing rates were observed for different species and instars. These could partially be related to body size, head width, and the length of the lateral palatal brushes (LPBs, which are the structures involved in the production of the water jet. Assessment of the jet velocity at the feeding groove level suggests the keg role of LPB beating frequency in the jet intensity, and consequently the magnitude of the processing rate. Analysis of data further indicates that obligate suspension feeders such as Cs. morsitans must sustain a larger flow pattern around the larvae to ensure sufficient particle entrapment than facultative suspension feeders (or even brushers) such as Cs. quinquefasciatus.

  • 133.
    Laugen, A T
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Laurila, A
    Uppsala University.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Lund University.
    Söderman, F
    Uppsala University.
    Merila, Juha
    Finland.
    Do common frogs (Rana temporaria) follow Bergmann's rule?2005In: Evolutionary Ecology Research, ISSN 1522-0613, E-ISSN 1937-3791, Vol. 7, no 5, p. 717-731Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Questions: Does intraspecific extension of Bergmann's rule - larger size within a species in cooler areas - hold true for ectotherms in general, and for the common frog (Rana temporaria) in particular? What is the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors (i.e. direct environmental induction) in determining latitudinal patterns of body size variation in common frogs?

    Methods: We tested for a positive association between mean body size and latitude in common frogs (Rana temporaria) across a 1600 km long latitudinal gradient in Scandinavia both for wild-collected adults and laboratory-reared metamorphs.

    Results: In adults, the mean body size increased from south to mid-latitudes, and declined thereafter. This occurred despite the fact that the mean age of adult frogs increased with increasing latitude, and age and body size were positively correlated. The latitudinal pattern of body size variation in metamorphs reared in a common garden experiment was similar to that observed among wild-caught adults.

    Conclusions: The results suggest that the concave pattern of body size variation across the latitudinal cline may be at least partly genetically determined, and that although there is considerable geographic variation in mean body size of R. temporaria, this variation does not conform with Bergmann's rule.

  • 134.
    Lundström, Jan O.
    et al.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    Schäfer, Martina L.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    Hesson, Jenny C.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    Blomgren, Eric
    Section of Environment and Biosecurity, Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala.
    Lindström, Anders
    Section of Environment and Biosecurity, Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala.
    Wahlqvist, Pernilla
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    Halling, Arne
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Forskningsmiljön Man and Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Hagelin, Anna
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    Ahlm, Claes
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University.
    Evander, Magnus
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University.
    Broman, Tina
    CBNR Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå.
    Forsman, Mats
    CBNR Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå.
    Persson Vinnersten, Thomas Z.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
    The geographic distribution of mosquito species in Sweden2013In: Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, ISSN 1460-6127, Vol. 31, p. 21-35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Surveillance of the actual distribution of mosquito species in Northern Europe is fundamental for evaluating risk for emerging pathogens, and for research on potential vectors. The Swedish mosquito fauna composition and geographic distribution, originally described by Professor Christine Dahl in the 1970´s, included 43 species. We have compiled the information published from 1978 to 2012, and our own surveillance data from 2001 to 2013, and compared this with the species list and geographic distribution provided in “Taxonomy and geographic distribution of Swedish Culicidae” by Dahl (1977). New species detected during these 36 years were Culiseta (Culicella) ochroptera (Peus, 1935) published 1984, Aedes (Aedes) rossicus Dolbeskin, Goritzkaja & Mitrofanova, 1930 published 1986, Anopheles (Anopheles) beklemishevi published 1986, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) euedes (Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1912) published 2001, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) first recorded in 2012, and Anopheles (Anopheles) algeriensis Theobald, 1903, first recorded in 2013. We provide maps with the distribution by province for each species, including historic information up until 1977, and new records from 1978 to 2013, showing the similarities and differences between the old and the new records. Important findings in recent years include the wide distribution of the Sindbis virus enzootic vector Culex (Culex) torrentium Martinii, 1925, and the more limited distribution of the potential West Nile virus vector Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus, 1758. The updated list of mosquito species in Sweden now includes 49 species.

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  • 135.
    Massa, Edoardo
    et al.
    Italien.
    Guidetti, Roberto
    Italien.
    Cesari, Michele
    Italien.
    Rebecchi, Lorena
    Italien.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Tardigrades of Kristianstads Vattenrike biosphere reserve with description of four new species from Sweden2021In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 1-19, article id 4861Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve [KVBR] is a UNESCO designated area of Sweden possessing high biological value. Although several studies on tardigrades inhabiting Sweden havebeen performed, the KVBR area has been neglected. The current study investigates the tardigrade fauna of five areas of the biosphere reserve and includes 34 samples of different substrates analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. In total, 33 species of tardigrades were found in the samples, including 22 new records for the Skåne region, 15 new records for Sweden, and four species new to science. Mesobiotus emiliae sp. nov., Xerobiotus gretae sp. nov., Itaquascon magnussoni sp. nov., and Thulinius gustavi sp. nov. were described with an integrative approach (when possible) using morphological characters (light, electron scanning, and confocal laser scanning microscopies) and molecular markers (ITS2, 18S, 28S, cox1). A new protocol to increase morphological data was developed recovering mounted specimens within old slides for SEM analysis. Emended diagnoses for the genus Itaquascon and the transfer of Platicrista itaquasconoide to the genus Meplitumen are proposed. This study enriches the knowledge of the tardigrade biodiversity both within the KVBR and in Sweden and contributes to the rapidly increasing number of tardigrade species reported worldwide. The 33 species identified in the KVBR area represents 28% of all water bear species found in Sweden so far. The restricted study areas and limited number of samples collected suggests that the KVBR is very rich of tardigrades.

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  • 136.
    Massa, Edoardo
    et al.
    Italy.
    Jönsson, K. Ingemar
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH). Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Science, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Guidetti, Roberto
    Italy.
    A faunistic survey of tardigrades in Kristianstad Vattenrike biosphere reserve (Sweden)2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 137.
    Nilsson, E J Charlotta
    et al.
    Lunds universitet.
    Pallon, Jan
    Lunds universitet.
    Przybylowicz, W J
    Sydafrika.
    Wang, Y D
    Sydafrika.
    Jönsson, K Ingemar
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Evaluation of cryoanalysis as a tool for analyzing elemental distributionin ‘‘live’’ tardigrades using micro-PIXE2014In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, ISSN 0168-583X, E-ISSN 1872-9584, Vol. 332, p. 181-186Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although heavy on labor and equipment, thus not often applied, cryoanalysis of frozen hydrated biological specimens can provide information that better reflects the living state of the organism, compared with analysis in the freeze-dried state. In this paper we report a study where the cryoanalysis facility with cryosectioning capabilities at Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, South Africa was employed to evaluate the usefulness of combining three ion beam analytical methods (μPIXE, RBS and STIM) to analyze a biological target where a better elemental compositional description is needed – the tardigrade. Imaging as well as quantification results are of interest.

    In a previous study, the element composition and redistribution of elements in the desiccated and active states of two tardigrade species was investigated. This study included analysis of both whole and sectioned tardigrades, and the aim was to analyze each specimen twice; first frozen hydrated and later freeze-dried. The combination of the three analytical techniques proved useful: elements from C to Rb in the tardigrades could be determined and certain differences in distribution of elements between the frozen hydrated and the freeze-dried states were observed. RBS on frozen hydrated specimens provided knowledge of matrix elements.

  • 138.
    Nudds, Thomas D.
    et al.
    Canada.
    Elmberg, Johan
    SLU.
    Pöysä, Hannu
    Finland.
    Sjöberg, Kjell
    SLU.
    Nummi, Petri
    Finland.
    Ecomorphology and coexistance in breeding holarctic dabbling ducks2000Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have debated the effects of interspecific competition, especially in ecological time, on the distribution and abundance of dabbling ducks (Anas spp.), and the relative importance of bill morphology and body size in facilitating coexistence. Evidence from North American and Baltic coastal wetlands indicates that species with few lamellae (but longer bodies) tend to feed in shallow, vegetated microhabitats where invertebrate prey is large; species with dense lamellae (but shorter bodies) tend to feed offshore where prey is smaller. In northern Europe, however, the evidence is opposite, suggesting that differences in body length instead facilitate coexistence. Here, we present evidence that these views are compatible under a refined conceptual model. In both northern Europe and North America, microhabitat diversity within wetlands correlates with a-diversity (species per wetland). With increasing latitude, a-diversity decreases, coincident with changes in the shape of wetland basins from largely "saucer-" (prairie/steppe potholes) to "bowl-shaped" (nemoral/ boreal lakes and tarns). We propose that (1) there is less absolute microhabitat (water-depth/vegetation) gradient along which species can be accommodated in northern wetlands, owing to shoreline steepness, and (2) body length is more important in facilitating species co-existence among breeding dabbling ducks in "bowl-shaped" wetlands, whereas lamellar density is more important in "saucer-shaped" wetlands.

  • 139.
    Nummi, Petri
    et al.
    Finland.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Pöysä, Hannu
    Finland.
    Sjöberg, Kjell
    SLU, Umeå.
    Breeding success of boreal mallard and wigeon in relation to population density and food resources2003In: Third North American duck symposium: waterfowl management and biology in the 21st century: looking back and to the future, 2003, p. 79-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Breeding success of mallard and wigeon was studied for 12 years in a boreal lake area in southern Finland. Aquatic and surface-emerging prey were trapped to obtain annual indices of food abundance. The average density of mallards was 0.42 pairs per 1000 m shore line and that of wigeon 0.18. The mean brood production per pair was 0.24 in mallard and 0.41 in wigeon. We correlated brood:pair and duckling:pair ratios to pair density and per capita food availability to test whether per capita breeding success decreases in a density-dependent way when pair density or the number of nesting pairs per available food unit increases. No density-dependent pattern was found in mallards. In wigeon, in contrast, we found two independent patterns of density dependence. Per capita brood production correlated negatively with pair density, and brood:pair and especially duckling:pair ratio correlated negatively with per capita abundance of surfaceemerging prey.

  • 140.
    Nummi, Petri
    et al.
    Finland.
    Pöysä, Hannu
    Finland.
    Sjöberg, Kjell
    SLU.
    Elmberg, Johan
    SLU.
    Gräsandungar tjänar forskningen2000In: Jägaren, ISSN 0283-8109, Vol. 49, no 3, p. 26-28Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 141.
    Ohlsson, Lars
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment.
    Den större vattensalamandern i kulturlandskapet: en inventering på Näsby fält2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Den större vattensalamandern är den största salamandern i Skandinavien. I södra Sverige är den knuten till det gamla kulturlandskapet med lövskogar, öppna ytor och små dammar som den kan leka i. Idag har detta landskapet krympt och den större vattensalamandern hotas av bland annat habitatförstörelse och igenväxning. På Näsby fält utanför Kristianstad, där man redan 1972 kunde konstatera att arten fanns, gjordes 2003 en inventering av större vattensalamander. Våren 2014 gjordes en återinventering för att ta reda på hur populationenser ut idag. Resultatet visade en negativ trend som kan bero på att vattennivån under de senaste åren har sjunkit i vissa av dammarna. Under inventeringen fångades totalt 47 större vattensalamandrar. För att ta reda på när och hur de inventerade dammarna har bildats studerades kartor och annat källmaterial för att se hur området förändrats sedan 1800-talet. De flesta dammarna är grävda av människor för olika sorters bruk under en period som sträcker sig ända tillbaks till 1700-talet.

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  • 142.
    Ottvall, Richard
    et al.
    Lunds universitet.
    Edenius, Lars
    SLU, Umeå.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap.
    Engström, Henri
    Umeå universitet.
    Green, Martin
    Lunds universitet.
    Holmqvist, Niklas
    Svenska Jägareförbundet, Nyköping.
    Lindström, Åke
    Lunds universitet.
    Tjernberg, Martin
    SLU, Uppsala.
    Pärt, Tomas
    SLU, Uppsala.
    Populationstrender för fågelarter som häckar i Sverige2008Report (Other academic)
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  • 143.
    Ottvall, Richard
    et al.
    Department of Ecology, Lund University.
    Gunnarsson, Gunnar
    Kristianstad University, Department of Mathematics and Science.
    Morphological and molecular sex identification of Redshanks Tringa totanus:  2007In: Bird Study, ISSN 0006-3657, E-ISSN 1944-6705, Vol. 54, no 1, p. 127-129Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 144.
    Pöysä, Hannu
    et al.
    Finland.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Gunnarsson, Gunnar
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Research environment Man & Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Holopainen, Sari
    Finland.
    Nummi, Petri
    Finland.
    Sjöberg, Kjell
    SLU, Uppsala.
    Habitat associations and habitat change: seeking explanation for population decline in breeding Eurasian wigeon Anas penelope2017In: Hydrobiologia, ISSN 0018-8158, E-ISSN 1573-5117, Vol. 785, no 1, p. 207-217Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We explored whether the recent large-scale population decline of Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) in Europe may be linked to long-term vegetation changes in their boreal breeding wetlands. First, we assessed the importance of Equisetum, Phragmites, and Carex stands in lake selection by pairs and in foraging habitat selection by broods. Second, in 2013–2014 we revisited 58 lakes in Sweden and Finland studied in 1990–1991, to examine if there had been any long-term change in the abundance of habitat types preferred by wigeon. Finally, using continuous long-term data on breeding numbers of wigeon in 18 of the lakes studied in 1990–1991, we examined if wigeon numbers had changed at lakes where the habitat also had changed. We found that lake occupation of nesting wigeon pairs and foraging habitat use of broods were associated with the extent of Equisetum stands. The presence and abundance of this preferred habitat declined dramatically from 1990–1991 to 2013–2014 in the lakes from which the presence–absence data of wigeon emanate. Breeding numbers of wigeon showed a long-term declining trend in lakes where Equisetum has decreased. Our results imply that the recent population decline of wigeon in Europe may be linked to decrease of Equisetum habitat.

  • 145.
    Pöysä, Hannu
    et al.
    Finland.
    Elmberg, Johan
    SLU.
    Sjöberg, Kjell
    SLU.
    Nummi, Petri
    Finland.
    Habitat selection and distribution of breeding mallards: what do they reveal about population limitation?2000Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The distribution of individuals among habitats and habitat-specific breeding output are basic elements for understanding population limitation and regulation. We studied the connection between habitat selection and population limitation in breeding mallards on boreal lakes in Sweden and Finland with experimental and long-term observational data. Wingclipped mallards were introduced on breeding lakes before migratory wild mallards arrived to test 2 alternative hypotheses of habitat selection, namely ideal preemption and conspecific attraction. The ideal preemptive rule was rejected while the conspecific attraction rule was to some extent supported. However, by combining the results of the introduction experiment with those from an experiment done with mallard ducklings to measure habitat quality, we found that only good-quality lakes attracted wild mallards, whereas poor-quality lakes did not. Long-term observational data from 35 lakes, classified into rich and poor based on shore vegetation, revealed that breeding pairs prefer rich lakes over poor, breeding success also being better there than on the poor lakes. In accordance with the experimental findings, density on the rich lakes increased with overall population density while that on the poor did not. However, breeding success did not show clear density dependence. Our results indicate habitat-specific limitation of breeding numbers, though this may not translate to limitation at the population level.

  • 146.
    Rasmussen, Arne R.
    et al.
    The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, Copenhagen.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment.
    Sanders, Kate L.
    School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide.
    Gravlund, Peter
    Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen.
    Rediscovery of the rare sea snake Hydrophis parviceps Smith 1935: identification and conservation status2012In: Copeia, ISSN 0045-8511, E-ISSN 1938-5110, no 2, p. 276-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Smith's small-headed sea snake, Hydrophis parviceps, was originally described in 1935 from a single type specimen collected in southern Vietnam. Since this time there has been only one further record for the species—a specimen collected near the type locality in 1960 that has since been lost. Through field surveys in southern Vietnam in 2001, we obtained three additional specimens of this poorly known sea snake from fisheries bycatch. In the current paper, we present morphological and molecular data for the three new specimens and the holotype, and redescribe H. parviceps based on data synthesized for all five specimens known to date. We also discuss the conservation status of the species based on its vulnerability to fisheries bycatch mortality and seemingly low abundance within a very restricted geographic distribution.

  • 147.
    Rydén Persson, Mathias
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment.
    Restaurering av våtmarker; Inventering av vadare och andfåglar vid Norra Lingenäset2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 148.
    Sanders, Kate L.
    et al.
    School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
    Rasmussen, Arne R.
    The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, Copenhagen.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment.
    Independent innovation in the evolution of paddle-shaped tails in viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae Hydrophiinae)2012In: Integrative and Comparative Biology, ISSN 1540-7063, E-ISSN 1557-7023, Vol. 52, no 2, p. 311-320Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) comprise ∼90% of living marine reptiles and display many physical and behavioral adaptations for breathing, diving, and achieving osmotic balance in marine habitats. Among the most important innovations found in marine snakes are their paddle-shaped (dorsoventrally expanded) tails, which provide propulsive thrust in the dense aquatic medium. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of caudal paddles in viviparous sea snakes using a dated molecular phylogeny for all major lineages and computed tomography of internal osteological structures. Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions show that extremely large caudal paddles supported by elongated vertebral processes are unlikely to have been present in the most recent common ancestor of extant sea snakes. Instead, these characters appear to have been acquired independently in two highly marine lineages of relatively recent origin. Both the Aipysurus and Hydrophis lineages have elongated neural spines that support the dorsal edge of their large paddles. However, whereas in the Aipysurus lineage the ventral edge of the paddle is supported by elongated haemapophyses, this support is provided by elongated and ventrally directed pleurapophyses in the Hydrophis lineage. Three semi-marine lineages (Hydrelaps, Ephalophis, and Parahydrophis) form the sister group to the Hydrophis clade and have small paddles with poorly developed dorsal and ventral supports, consistent with their amphibious lifestyle. Overall, our results suggest that not only are the viviparous hydrophiines the only lineage of marine snakes to have acquired extremely large, skeletally supported caudal paddles but also that this innovation has occurred twice in the group in the past ∼2–6 million years.

  • 149.
    Sanders, Kate L.
    et al.
    School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide.
    Rasmussen, Arne R.
    The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, Copenhagen.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Forskningsmiljön Man and Biosphere Health (MABH).
    Mumpuni, Sancoyo
    Museum Zoologi Bogor, Puslit Biologi-LIPI, Cibinong, Indonesia.
    Guinea, Michael
    School of Science and Primary Industries, Charles Darwin University, Darwin.
    Blias, Peter
    Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide.
    Lee, Michael S.Y.
    Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide.
    Fry, Bryan G.
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
    Aipysurus mosaicus, a new species of egg-eating sea snake (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), with a redescription of Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray, 1849)2012In: Zootaxa, ISSN 1175-5326, E-ISSN 1175-5334, no 3431, p. 1-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe a new species of egg-eating sea snake, Aipysurus mosaicus sp. nov., from northern Australia and southern New Guinea. This species was previously considered to be an allopatric population of A. eydouxii, which occurs throughout the Sunda Shelf and in New Guinea. Molecular analyses reveal these two species to be sister lineages with fixed nucleotide substitutions at three independent mitochondrial and nuclear loci, and a deep phylogenetic divergence exceeding that of all other sampled species pairs in Aipysurus. Aipysurus mosaicus sp. nov. is also distinguished from A. eydouxii by morphological characters relating to scalation (e.g. number of ventral scales), colour pattern (e.g. number and shape of transverse body bands), internal soft anatomy (e.g. position of heart in relation to ventral scales), and skeletal morphology (e.g. shape of nasal and caudal neural spines). Additional sampling is needed to clarify the extent of geographic contact between A. eydouxii and the new species in New Guinea where they appear to be sympatric. It is likely that the boundaries between these taxa will be mirrored in other coastal sea snakes with ranges spanning the deep waters of the Timor Trench; discovery of such cryptic species will have important implications for conservation of this highly diverse but relatively poorly studied group of marine vertebrates.

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  • 150.
    Sanders, Kate L.
    et al.
    School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide.
    Rasmussen, Arne R.
    The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, Copenhagen.
    Mumpuni,
    Museum Zoologi Bogor, Puslit Biologi-LIPI, Cibinong, Indonesia.
    Elmberg, Johan
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment, Avdelningen för Naturvetenskap. Kristianstad University, Forskningsmiljön Man and Biosphere Health (MABH).
    de Silva, Anslem
    Gampola, Sri Lanka.
    Guinea, Michael L.
    School of Science and Primary Industries, Charles Darwin University, Darwin.
    Lee, Michael S. Y.
    School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide.
    Recent rapid speciation and ecomorph divergence in Indo-Australian sea snakes2013In: Molecular Ecology, ISSN 0962-1083, E-ISSN 1365-294X, Vol. 22, no 10, p. 2742-2759Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) are a young radiation of at least 62 species that display spectacular morphological diversity and high levels of local sympatry. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying sea snake diversification, we investigated recent speciation and eco-morphological differentiation in a clade of four nominal species with overlapping ranges in Southeast Asia and Australia. Analyses of morphology and stomach contents identified the presence of two distinct ecomorphs: a ‘macrocephalic’ ecomorph that reaches >2 m in length, has a large head and feeds on crevice-dwelling eels and gobies; and a ‘microcephalic’ ecomorph that rarely exceeds 1 m in length, has a small head and narrow fore-body and hunts snake eels in burrows. Mitochondrial sequences show a lack of reciprocal monophyly between ecomorphs and among putative species. However, individual assignment based on newly developed microsatellites separated co-distributed specimens into four significantly differentiated clusters corresponding to morphological species designations, indicating limited recent gene flow and progress towards speciation. A coalescent species tree (based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences) and isolation-migration model (mitochondrial and microsatellite markers) suggest between one and three transitions between ecomorphs within the last approximately 1.2 million to approximately 840 000 years. In particular, the macrocephalic ‘eastern’ population of Hydrophis cyanocinctus and microcephalic H. melanocephalus appear to have diverged very recently and rapidly, resulting in major phenotypic differences and restriction of gene flow in sympatry. These results highlight the viviparous sea snakes as a promising system for speciation studies in the marine environment.

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