Small and large sport clubs, in big cities or in the countryside, need to respond to external pressures created by social, financial and environmental factors. These pressures may come from the commercial environment, communities, national governing bodies, or political stakeholders. This chapter introduces the reader to the current pressures faced by Nordic sport clubs and the entrepreneurs’ role in the clubs’ development through the lens of entrepreneurship, and especially social entrepreneurship. This chapter addresses the role of the entrepreneur in relation to the triple bottom line of corporate social responsibility (CSR)—economy, environment, and society—in the context of Finnish and Swedish team sport clubs by using two football clubs as examples.

This book provides comprehensive and advanced analysis of the characteristics of social entrepreneurship in Europe. It offers innovative, up-todate research on the ecosystems of social entrepreneurship, the behavior of social entrepreneurs, their ability to produce social innovation, social capital and social inclusion, and the role of stakeholders in fostering socially oriented businesses. Moreover, it addresses the diversity of the European social enterprise sector from an evolutionary perspective, with particular reference to the rise of social entrepreneurship and the role of new-generation social entrepreneurs throughout Europe. Multidisciplinary contributions authored by experts from business and accounting, economics, and sociology serve the purpose of delivering a holistic study of social entrepreneurship, also providing the necessary data for delivering policy implications on the features of the most effective enabling social and institutional ecosystems.

CSR eller idrottens sociala ansvar är en beskrivning av hur en idrottsorganisation förväntas ta höjd för sin påverkan på samhälle och miljö genom att integrera sociala, miljömässiga och finansiella åtagande, utöver juridiska skyldigheter, framtagna i dialog med sina intressenter, i sin dagliga verksamhet på frivillig basis. Även om det är frivilligt för idrottsorganisationer att arbeta utifrån ett (C)SR-perspektiv framstår det dock alltmer som intressenterna förväntar sig just detta. Detta kapitel diskuterar och presenterar praktiska förhållningssätt och lösningar såsom arbete med TBL, VMOSA-CSR och CSR-snurran.

The Danish Football Association (FA) is about to become the first Danish sport governing body to adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article identifies a number of governance events in Danish sport and football over the last 4 years in order to provide a picture of the current governance climate. Professionalization, value- and norm-based leadership, transparency, ability and democracy, together with law and order as well as a concept of social responsibility, are all central to the overhaul of Danish sport governance. It is argued that they are all part of building trust and that governance practices are therefore to be viewed through a lens integrating ‘good governance’, CSR and social capital in the context of multi-level governance. ‘Good governance’ is consequently seen as embedded in the context of its economic actions and social relations in and with society at large

During the last decade FIFA and UEFA have increasingly stressed the importance of CSR and to work according to Good Governance-principles. Although with great opportunities for improvement, the Danish FA has come out on top in Scandinavian comparisons of the different FAs’ CSR engagement according to Good Governance praxis. However, there is little known about the CSR-activities amongst the Danish PL-clubs. With a point of departure in the FA’s CSR agenda and work, this study examines to what extent the DPL-clubs work with CSR and to what extent this is communicated according to principles of Good Governance with transparency as a motto. The findings show low CSR-activities and, or alternatively low transparency. Based on the result, the study proposes a CSR model and tool to simplify a transparent and effective CSR-accounting with moderate efforts.

This chapter introduces the reader to Scandinavian sport governance and the central issues facing sport governance in a Scandinavian context. It uses football governance in the three countries as a case study to discuss the development of good governance and social responsibility (or corporate social responsibility).

(Governance has become a hugely important issue within sport. Issues of corruption and ‘bad governance’ have become synonymous with some aspects of sport and closer scrutiny than ever before is being applied to ensure organisations are following international best practice in respect to how they are governed. As sport organisations are required to become more professional and to adopt a more transparent and accountable approach to their operations, it has become important for all students, researchers and professionals working in sport to understand what good governance is and how it should be achieved. This book is the first to examine sport governance around the world. It offers a series of in-depth case studies of governance policy and practice in 15 countries and regions, including the US, UK, China, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, as well as chapters covering governance by, and of, global sport organisations and international sport federations. With an introduction outlining the key contemporary themes in the study of sport governance, and a conclusion pointing at future directions for research and practice, this book is essential reading for any course on sport management, sport policy, sport development, sport administration or sport organisations, and for any manager or policy-maker working in sport and looking to improve their professional practice.)

Strong focus on the promotion of health and social integration aspects in society means the state has increased pressure on sport associations to deliver its social policy agenda. The building of (corporate) social responsibility is offered as a possible progressive response to changes in Danish state sport policy and as a way to increase its social capital. A correlation between (corporate) social responsibility and social capital is established and visualized in the official stand on social responsibility of individual and umbrella sport governing bodies, and Danish state policy. Ness’s definition of corporate social esponsibility as the necessity and the duty of companies to behave responsibly, ethically and sustainably, and to be transparently accountable to their stakeholders, is transferred to sport associations. Social capital could be defined as the relational resources that we as individuals or as part of a collective, such as a sport association, inherit or intentionally construct to achieve our own goals. Depending on the structural and normative characteristics of the social system in which it operates, it can facilitate but also limit individual and collective action. Development of a contemporary grounded social responsibility by the sport governing bodies suggests a gain in social capital, new memberships and future assurance of financial and social support.

Sweden as the great welfare state where everybody is equally welcomed and cared forhas for long been the prevailing view. Although Swedish integration policy seems toconfirm this view, this is far removed from many people's experienced reality. I argue that part of this disharmony lies in how West European languages contain and relate toan `identity' construction, which perpetuates and is perpetuated through dichotomies that strengthen the social and political cogency of concepts such as `race', ethnicity and culture. Based on this, I carry out a discourse analysis of Sweden's major integration policy documents from the mid 1970s up to today. After an eclectic reading of discourses on migration and integration terminology,`identity' and language, I assert the centrality of `identity' construction to everything wedo. With this in mind, taking the dialogism promoted by the Bakhtinian Circle as thedichotomy to monologism, I carry out a close dialogic reading in the tradition of LynnPearce (1994) and Peter Stallybrass and Allon White (1986). Contextualizing the policy documents, I present the history of migration and integrationfrom a Swedish perspective. Focusing on the last five decades, I divide the different historic tendencies into themes ranging from: emigration to labour migration, refugee migration and the European Union, and from immigrant policy to integration policy. Believing that the conceptualisation and the handling of categorisation, segregation,culture, discrimination and racism are all central to a successful integration policy, Ianalyse the policy documents thematically accordingly. I show how the interdependenceof the common `identity' constructions and language sometimes obscures and frequentlycounteracts the intention of the author. As a result, I argue that the Bakhtinian Circle holds the key to a better understanding of the invincibility of stereotyping withinracialized discourses, through applying absolute `identity' constructions in monologic speech, and how this may be counteracted in order to strive for a dialogic approach to the world.

Leisure and Life through the Ages is a comprehensive account of eighteen countries from Europe to record developments in the field of leisure from a worldwide and comparative perspective. The coverage of the volume extends to Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden. The book also has a summarising article on Europe in the beginning which provides the basic general characteristics of leisure in Europe. Yet it may as well be said that in spite of certain basic features of leisure in Europe many of these countries are entertaining different practices and characteristics. All these papers have a thorough discussion on the broader perspective of leisure as it has existed during different periods of history in respective countries. The book will appeal to all those interested in the fields of leisure studies, cultural studies and sociology in general.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), ibland översatt till företagsansvar eller företagens sociala ansvar, är ett relativt nytt fenomen i Sverige och ännu nyare i kontexten av svensk idrott. Inom svensk idrottsforskning har det fram till nu i princip lyst med sin frånvaro. CSR-arbete med idrotten som förgrundsfigur är inte nödvändigtvis idrotts- eller idrottsliga initiativ, därför har det också vanligtvis varit tal om ett CSR genererat genom idrotten. I denna artikel argumenterar vi för att man bör vidga denna förståelse till att också inbegripa ett CSR genererat av och/eller med idrotten.

This paper focuses on the dispute resolution mechanisms in sport, with particular attention paid to non-professional sport and its governance. Providing a brief summary of the literature on the topic, we argue that mainly two aspects of dispute resolution mechanisms have been highlighted in academic discussion: their ethical and moral character and their legal nature. Yet, except for these two relevant approaches, a more sociological approach of understanding the nature of these processes in the context of informal networks, unwritten rules and struggles over power is largely missing. To grasp this missing piece, we identify the mechanisms used by sport associations and their members to anticipate the disputes and we distinguish between three different types of dispute resolution mechanisms: proto-disputes, formal disputes, and meta-disputes. The paper draws on rich empirical evidence gathered during a multi-sited ethnographic study focused on both sport practice and governance, carried out in the Czech Republic and Denmark.

Conflicts of interest, financial irregularities, misuse of power, lack of transparency, manipulation of trust, ideological struggles, social exclusion; these are different examples of the dark sides challenging contemporary sport governance. Although the emergence of various dark sides has been inherent to sports associations since their origins, recent literature on sport management has argued that their frequency has increased, hand in hand with the growing encroachment of sport with politics, mass media, sponsorship and business. Notwithstanding the relatively high importance of the dark sides in contemporary sport governance, academic attention on this phenomenon has rather limited. To reduce this gap in the literature, this chapter summarizes existing scholarship about the phenomenon and considers potential future developments within SGBs in relation to their dark sides. We define as the dark sides of sport governance those behaviours that are detrimental for sport, sport associations and their civil and democratic nature, or those behaviours violating legal or organizational norms, or those that are deliberately harmful for sporting people, specific social groups or even for the whole society.  Frequently, the dark sides of sport governance are expressed through power games, allegiances or various forms of corruption. On the other hand, the dark sides of sport governance shall not be confused with any form of struggle and conflict, which can be an inherent part of sport governance and democratic discussion among members and governance boards. Throughout this chapter we emphasize also that an emergence of the dark sides in sport governance cannot be grasped solely in terms of mere personal and isolated scandals as it is frequently represented in the media portrayal of single scandals and affairs related to sport management. Additionally, the dark sides of sport governance must be viewed as a product of structural and systematic developments of contemporary sport, governance and overall society. In other words, the dark sides of sport governance must not be perceived exclusively as particular conflicts, struggles or plots organized by single persons or small groups, but rather as the results of more general social processes and developments, the increasing interconnection of sport business, media and sponsorship and encroachment with politics. This happens not only at a global level of sport governance and management related to professional and elite sport, but also at national levels of sport governance and management of amateur sport.

This study explores the role of sponsor networks in local community revealing that firms engage in sponsor networks primarily for business reasons, and suggests that team sport clubs plays an important role in local society beyond being mere entertainment industries.