Intersectorial cooperation is commonly regarded as a desirable development in order to achieve increased efficiency and quality, and to reduce redundancies. In this report the experiences are presented from a project where nurses, midwives, preschool teacher and social worker integrated their activities around families and children. The results show that although all involved personnel were confident that the integration was favorable, they all experienced tensions, due to flaws in administrative and managerial procedures, perverse economic incentives, differences in professional background and organizational culture and personal preferences. This study indicates that integrative policies need to be followed by determined implementation.

Small and large sport clubs, in big cities or in the countryside, need to respond to external pressures created by social, financial and environmental factors. These pressures may come from the commercial environment, communities, national governing bodies, or political stakeholders. This chapter introduces the reader to the current pressures faced by Nordic sport clubs and the entrepreneurs’ role in the clubs’ development through the lens of entrepreneurship, and especially social entrepreneurship. This chapter addresses the role of the entrepreneur in relation to the triple bottom line of corporate social responsibility (CSR)—economy, environment, and society—in the context of Finnish and Swedish team sport clubs by using two football clubs as examples.

Tidigare forskning har främst inriktat sig på återhämtning från påfrestningar i det avlönade arbetet. Det finns nu en allmän syn på att även utförande och planering av det oavlönade hemarbetet är påfrestande, detta om återhämtning inte sker. Brist på återhämtning är i längden skadligt. En utsatt grupp är småbarnsföräldrar där vardagen är hektisk, både det avlönade arbetet och oavlönade hemarbetet ska hinnas med. Utrymmet för återhämtning i hemmiljön är begränsad och bör därför ske någon annanstans. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om yrkesverksamma medarbetare med hemmavarande småbarn upplever arbetsplatsen som en plats för återhämtning. Genom ett kvalitativ tillvägagångssätt intervjuades sju småbarnsföräldrar om deras vardag. Detta för att undersöka var återhämtning från planering och utförande av det oavlönade hemarbetet sker. Resultatet visade att återhämtning till viss del sker på arbetsplatsen, där trivsel och socialt stöd var två komponenter av betydelse. Studien bidrar med en större förståelse för småbarnsföräldrars möjligheter av återhämtning från det oavlönade hemarbetet och belyser ett relativt outforskat område.

This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual–Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual–Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual–Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual–Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members’ had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer.

Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one’s own and another person’s answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another’s answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another’s answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person’s overall accuracy.

To describe relatives' perceived participation in discharge planning for patients with stroke and identify correlates to perceived participation. Stroke affects both patients and their relatives and previous research shows that relatives were often dissatisfied with their perceived involvement in discharge planning and the information they get. Prospective cross-sectional study. The study comprised 152 consecutively enrolled relatives (mean age = 60.8 years) of acute stroke patients admitted to a stroke unit in southern Sweden during 2003-2005. Data were collected through interviews 2-3 weeks after discharge using 'Relative's Questionnaire about Participation in Discharge planning'. This instrument measures perceived participation in three subscales: R-Information-Illness, R-Information-Care/support, and R-Goals and Needs. The Overall Rating of Relative's Perceived Participation in Discharge Planning was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) (1-10 score). Among the relatives, 56-68% reported positively according to R-Information-Illness, but 46-53% perceived that they did not receive any information about care/medication/rehabilitation/support. About 80% perceived no participation at all in goals and needs. The mean value of the VAS was 3.89 (SD 3.40) score. Regression analyses revealed that longer stay at hospital, patients with higher education, and relatives of female patients and female relatives were associated with relatives' perceptions of higher participation in discharge planning. Relatives perceived that they needed more information and knowledge about stroke and care/medication/rehabilitation/support. They also needed to be more involved in goal-setting and in identifying patient needs. Professionals should take into consideration these associated variables to improve relatives' perceived participation. Clinicians should give more attention to the altered situation of stroke patients' relatives when planning for continuing care and when setting postdischarge goals for the patients. The professionals need to develop strategies to involve relatives in sharing information, goal-setting and needs assessment in discharge planning.

Aims and objectives. To describe stroke patients' perceptions of their participation in the discharge planning process and identify correlates of perceived participation.

Background. Patients have the right to participate in discharge planning, but earlier research has shown that they are often dissatisfied with the information they receive and their involvement in goal-setting during discharge planning.

Design. Cross-sectional study.

Methods. The sample consisted of 188 persons (mean age 74 years, SD 11·2) with acute stroke who were admitted to a stroke unit at a hospital in southern Sweden during 2003–2005. Data was collected by face-to-face interviews 2–3 weeks after discharge using the 'Patients' Questionnaire on Participation in Discharge Planning'. This instrument measures perceived participation in discharge planning in three subscales: P-Information, P-Medical Treatment, P-Goals and Needs.

Results. The percentage of patients who perceived that they had participated in discharge planning was as follows: 72–90% according to P-Information, 29–38% according to P-Medical Treatment and 15–47% according to P-Goals and Needs. Age, education and performance of activities of daily living were significantly related to perceived participation as measured by different subscales.

Conclusions. Most of the patients perceived that they received information, but fewer perceived participation in the planning of medical treatment and needs of care/service/rehabilitation and goal-setting. Professionals need to pay more attention to patients in different subgroups to facilitate their participation in discharge planning.

Relevance to clinical practice. To facilitate and increase patients' participation in discharge planning, methods should be implemented for goal-setting and identifying patients' needs. Methods that foster patient participation may improve goal-orientated care, services and rehabilitation after discharge.

Svinnet av mat har i Sverige uppskattats till cirka 1 miljon ton per år och sannolikt är det på hushållsnivå som de största mängderna matsvinn uppstår . En färsk undersökning visar att det årligen slängs uppemot 100 kilo mat per person i Sverige, vilket innebär stora och onödiga belastningar på miljö och klimat. Genom att minska svinnet av mat minskar också belastningen på miljön. Syftet med studien har varit att studera attityder till matsvinn i svenska hushåll samt identifiera hinder och förutsättningar för ett minskat svinn. Resultatet bygger på sju enskilda intervjuer med konsumenter och resultatet visar att dessa respondenter ogillar att slänga mat och slänger relativt lite. Svinnets miljöpåverkan tycks inte vara huvudsakligt skäl till att inte vilja slänga mat. Istället är respekt för maten, respekt för de fattiga samt den privata ekonomin mer framträdande aspekter vad gäller orsaker till att inte vilja slänga mat. Dessa känslor har följt med respondenterna från deras egen uppväxt vilket i kombination med kunskaper i matlagning tycks vara förutsättningar som leder till mindre matsvinn.

Syftet med studien är att ur ett elevperspektiv synliggöra genusmönster i skolans idrottsundervisning. Detta för att bidra till kunskap om och förståelse för hur genusmönster kan prägla idrottsundervisningen ur ett såväl barn- som genusperspektiv. Om tidigare könsmönster, speciellt i skolans idrottsämne, ska kunna förändras måste vi få mer kunskap om barns tankar kring detta. Enligt Halldén (2003) är barns inflytande betydelsefullt vid förändringar av barnens rätt i samhället. I studien problematiseras frågeställningarna enligt följande:

• Hur uppfattar pojkar och flickor i de tidiga åren i grundskolan skolans idrottsämne ur ett genusperspektiv?
• Vilka positioner och relationer skapas av pojkar och flickor inom ramen för skolans idrott i de aktuella klasserna?

I studien användes kvalitativa undersökningar med observationer av idrottslektioner samt enskilda elevintervjuer för att få inblick i elevernas perspektiv på skolans idrottsämne. Resultaten av undersökningarna visar att elever uppfattar skolans idrottsämne som jämställt men att pojkar och flickor förväntas tycka om olika idrottsgrenar. Undersökningen visar hur bakomliggande förväntningar och normer är betydelsefulla för elevernas sätt att agera ur ett genusperspektiv. Skillnaderna tar dock inte sin utgångspunkt i elevernas intresse för olika aktiviteter utan de beror på skillnader i könens natur samt de normer som eleverna förväntas leva upp till.Ämnesord: Genus, jämställdhet, kön, könsroll, normer, barnperspektiv, idrottsundervisning, föreningsidrott

From a public health and society perspective, food production is the biggest cause of global environmental change and also a risk factor for ill health. At the same time, diet is a fundamental determinant of health. Restaurants have a major influence on sustainable consumption and production, on benefiting the global ecosystem. At the same time, restaurants have a responsibility to serve environmentally friendly food, which is beneficial from a public health perspective. In this study, the purpose was to study restaurant managers' attitudes and applications around serving food from an ecological sustainability perspective. The method was a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews that were analyzed on the basis of a content analysis. The results showed generally positive attitudes towards buying raw products that are seasonal, locally produced and organic in order to protect the environment and health. When it comes to future challenges and solutions, there was a concern about being able to satisfy the needs of future generations, linked to environmental changes. The cut of the meat industry was highlighted by the restaurant managers as the biggest challenge, in relation to improving the environment and thus public health. It also turned out that the use of food froman ecological sustainability perspective is in some cases hampered by financial resources. Crucial factors in relation to serving food from an ecological sustainability perspective were both financial resources and knowledge of the subject. On the other hand, the results showed that knowledge was in most cases more decisive than financial assets. With this result, it can be concluded that there is an additional need for knowledge as well as financial need in the subject for restaurants to act more ecologically sustainable.

Vi har utfört en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjumoment. Syftet med studien är att få djupare insikt om hur arbetsgivare upplever anställdas publiceringar i sociala medier. Detta då det gällande rättsläget ligger inom en gråzon som arbetsgivare inte kan grunda sina beslut på när även publiceringarna kan uppkomma utanför arbetstagares arbetstid. Därför har vi även tittat på kringliggande faktorer för varför arbetsgivare tror att dessa publiceringar uppkommer och hur arbetsgivare rent praktiskt resonerar kring problematiken. Det som blivit uppenbarat i studien är att arbetsgivares personliga värderingar spelar stor roll i huruvida utgången av uppkomna händelser ter sig.

Introduction: Today, many children spend a lot of their time in preschool and therefore consume several of their daily meals outside the home. Food habits and preference for special foods have been shown to be of significant importance for children's eating habits and their future health. In Uddevalla municipality, meal education has been a way to incorporate food as an important tool in the preschools' daily pedagogical situation.

Objective: To analyze possibilities and obstacles for the implementation of meal education in preschool in Uddevalla Municipality and how the results of changed practices are experienced by key individuals.

Materials and methods: Individual qualitative interviews together with a focus group were conducted with key persons from the municipal preschools. The recorded interviews were thereafter transcribed and analyzed by qualitative analysis program MAXQDA. Kingdon's PSA model was used as a structure to construe the implementation process of meal education.

Results and conclusion: The result shows that key persons experience the implementation of meal education as positive. It is an easy and pleasurable approach that creates a united attitude around food and meal for both adults and children in the preschool world. Several factors interact so that a change in work method could take place. However, more studies are required to determine whether the process can be done in the same way in other municipalities.

The aim of this study is to examine social workers' and social work students' attitudes towards people living with hiv in Sweden. I will also examine if there is a connection between knowledge and attitudes. The questions at issue are how social workers' and social work students' attitudes can assume to influence on their professional practice and what causes can affect their attitudes towards people living with hiv. The study is based on a qualitative method. The methods have been: conversational interviews with five social workers, who work with family issues and integration, and a focused group interview with four social work students. Both forms of interviews were combined with the vignette method. The theoretical framework of this study is symbolic interactionism.

The result of the study indicates that both the social work students and the social workers lack adequate knowledge about hiv, however, the respondents are capable of reflecting and are able to put themselves into others' situations and therefore they will not discriminate their clients because of their disease. Results of the study also indicate that there is a great ambiguity among all of the respondents because of the lack of knowledge and adequate education.

Families with small children who are allergic to milk experience that they require practical advice on food and meals. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, and if so how, recipes can meet the needs regarding food and meals that these families feel that they have.

Total 15 recipes were developed. These were tested by 11 families by cooking and tasting the meals at two workshops. During both workshops the parents were interviewed to find out their opinions on the recipes as well as their needs.

The results indicate that recipes may be a useful remedy for families with milk allergy, given that the recipes consider the families’ very needs as regarding to food. The needs of the families’ are contradictory, however they can be summed up into recipes. In order to combine the families’ need for ease and responsibility for nutritious food, the food must be quick and simple but still emanate from the nutritional requirements for small children with milk allergy. Likewise identity related to taste is important. Good food is synonymous with well-known tastes for families with children. 

The aim of the study is to examine truck drivers’ view on food and meals. What they value in food choices and meal situation and what affects how the meal is implemented in the mobile work. How food and eating habits are influenced by the perceived stress and time pressure at work is also studied, as well as strategies to deal with this. A further aim is to highlight the management’s and the union’s view on and their work with food and meal issues.

This is a qualitative study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with four truck drivers and a transport leader/personnel manager from a haulage company in southeast Sweden, and with a union safety representative.

The newly hired and inexperienced drivers seemed to be most vulnerable to the negative aspects of stress. The ability to find the way in their routes came with experience and along came new strategies to manage and prevent stress. All participating drivers described themselves to be experienced by their profession and did not think that stress was a problem for them.

Three aspects of the work meal were especially valued by the drivers; the social element, the healthy food and the meal as a time for recovery. The social element of the meal - to socialize with colleagues while eating, was considered the most important element in a pleasant meal.

A transport leader/personnel manager from the haulage company and a union safety representative were also interviewed. Questions about food and meal were barely worked with at the time. These questions were still seen as important. Although, it was not clear who was responsible for the work related food and meal issues.

Phosphorus leaking from our fertilized arable land contributes to eutrophication of lakes and seas and travels among other things, with particles from fertilized soil. Straightening of rivers and ditching helps drained water travel quickly from the arable land lakes and seas. To avoid phosphorus leaking there are buffer zones that are placed between the field and the streams with the purpose of captivating the phosphorus. One previous study has shown that a risk occurs for phosphorus saturation on the lands adjacent to the streams (Borggaard, Moberg & Sibbesen 1991; Vought et al 1994; Svanbäck et al 2013).   

This thesis aims to see if today’s buffer zones are saturated or can take up more phosphorus and if the difference in the type of soil matter to the result. The effects of pH and organic matter on the phosphorus content are also examined. The soils clay, moraine  and sand are studied in this thesis. The work also aims to demonstrate the changes in the landscape and history of the buffer zones.  

Soil samples were collected from 15 buffer zones around Kristianstad. The samples were dried, sieved and then shaken with water containing a known amount of phosphorus. Uptake of phosphorus was then measured. Historical and contemporary maps were also studied to see the landscape change.  

The analysis showed that nine out of fifteen zones were saturate. The three soil types each had three saturated zones and two unsaturated and the difference was not significant between the soil types. For the soil clay results showed that pH and organic matter content influenced the amount of phosphorus in which, a higher pH, showed a higher phosphorus content and the higher organic matter reviled a lower amount if phosphorus. For moraine results showed same as in clay but the relation between the organic matter and how it affected the phosphorus content was not significant. The result for the sand was that higher pH in the soil resulted to higher phosphorus content. The same effect was seen for the organic matter in sand which means that the phosphorus content rises with higher organic matter.   

The buffer zones that we studied occur mostly on land that has been used as arable land for at least 100 years, while others have previously been used as wet- or other meadows or pastures. The areas that have been arable lands a long time have probably been fertilized heavily during the postwar period. Establishing buffer zones may therefore have contributed to recreate the landscape as it was before the rationalization of agriculture in the late 1950s. Buffer zones prevent erosion and help to preserve biodiversity both in the stream and buffer zone. Today's eligible zones may only be grassed but one could imagine future protection zones with salix / tree where the phosphorus is removed through the wood.  

Many different actors, including government, academy and industry, are engaged in school- and recruitment-STEM-initiatives. The aim of this study is to shed light on industrial initiatives, what actors are involved and what different repertoires are being used when motivating engagement in STEM-initiatives. The data analysed consist web-material where industrial actors describe their engagement in STEM-initiatives and reasons for their engagement. The method for analysis is discursive psychology. The results show a variety of constellations of industrial actors and that the initiatives draw on a variety of discursive resources. In our analysis we identify the following interpretative repertoires: 1) The securing competent labour repertoire, 2) The developing specific job skills or competences repertoire, 3) The bright future repertoire, and 4) The general increase interest in science repertoire. The results are discussed in a perspective of previous research on cultural selection mechanism and students educational choices.

Translating policies about sustainable development as a social process and sustainability outcomes into the real world of social-ecological systems involves several challenges. Hence, research policies advocate improved innovative problem-solving capacity. One approach is transdisciplinary research that integrates research disciplines, as well as researchers and practitioners. Drawing upon 14 experiences of problem-solving, we used group modeling to map perceived barriers and bridges for researchers' and practitioners' joint knowledge production and learning towards transdisciplinary research. The analysis indicated that the transdisciplinary research process is influenced by (1) the amount of traditional disciplinary formal and informal control, (2) adaptation of project applications to fill the transdisciplinary research agenda, (3) stakeholder participation, and (4) functional team building/development based on self-reflection and experienced leadership. Focusing on implementation of green infrastructure policy as a common denominator for the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being, we discuss how to diagnose social-ecological systems, and use knowledge production and collaborative learning as treatments.

This article aims to explore how an individual actor, embodying the role of the institutionalentrepreneur, legitimizes new corporate reporting practices. This study is based on a longitudinaland explanatory case study of an Italian listed public utility, operating in the electricity sector,which has recently implemented Integrated Reporting. Findings were analysed through thelens of institutional entrepreneurship, revealing that Integrated Reporting can be implementedthrough the legitimizing activities carried out by the corporate social responsibility manager.This organizational professional, with strong competences and intrinsic engagement, efficientlyuses available resources and gains support from various organizational groups through intensenetworking. A substantial change in corporate reporting practices can influence the positionof the institutional entrepreneur who originally triggered the change process. The institutionalentrepreneur first moves from the periphery to the centre of the organization and then sharessuch central role with other organizational professionals once the change has been implemented.

This article elucidates Somali women's experiences of cooking and meals after immigration to Sweden. Six Somali women participated in repeated focus group interviews. Content analysis of the interviews resulted in four themes: change in routines and content of the daily meals, changed experiences related to cooking and shopping for groceries, the social dimensions in food-related occupations, and change of identity and roles. According to the women, variety of factors related to their life in Sweden had led to changes in their food occupations and meals: environmental changes, societal factors and the fact that the women secured employment. Although their new focus on employment led to altered responsibility and time for the cooking, food-related occupations remained important for the creation of identity and the maintenance of the family. This study may inform the development of strategies to restrict the negative impacts of immigration on Somali women's health. Future research will increase understandings of the relationships between food-related occupations and women's roles, identity and health.

Focus in this paper is collaboration between different parts of a Region in Sweden. The first aim is from reflexive pragmatism perspective study frameworks and processes in a two years project of a collaboration in the Region. The second aim is too understood and explores these processes in terms of theoretical concepts that seriously consider contradictions, paradoxes and complexities of practice. 

The case in this paper is collaboration in a region where the Regional Council commissioned the Public Health Committee to form sector-integrated health-promoting network together with other units in the region. 

The method used for get the empirical material is a dialogue between “insider”, in the form of project leader, and “outsider”, in form of researcher. Also interviews with staff and project leaders’ diaries were used as empirical material. So, the focus is on what is said to have happened, not what has actually happened. In order to understand this and try to explain what actually happened, we are addressing a comprehensive theoretical framework. 

Some theoretical arias take account of collaboration as a contradicting, complex and dynamic practise. The combined characteristic of these theoretical arias need to be that they begin with the complexity of practice, it´s dynamics and constant emergent character. The reflexive pragmatic approach contains a critical perspective and at same time limiting the number of perspectives that will contribute to developing the practice and concepts that managers can use for future effective collaboration. This is in the paper; structure (the bureaucracy form), complexity theories and sensemaking. The concept of boundary objects and trust helped us to complete the picture of collaboration in practice as ambiguous, paradoxical and as mess – the ontological content of collaboration in practice.

Konst i arbetslivet är en konst i sig. Ungefär så kan rapporten sammanfattas då arbetslivet består av komplexa sammanhang på samma sätt som konst är komplext. Mötet mellan två komplexa världar är svårt, eller t o m omöjligt, att beskriva som ett samband mellan orsak och verkan. Därför har vår forskning haft fokus på både konstnärerna och arbetsplatserna. Konstnärerna har skrivit berättelser och intervjuats och på arbetsplatserna har personal och chefer intervjuats. Detta ger en bild av vad som kan ha hänt i de lokala sammanhang där konst och arbetsliv har mötts genom Skiss-Skåne. Bilden som konstrueras är oskarp, vilket är skäligt när två komplexa världar möts. Skiss-Skånes syfte var att konstnärlig kompetens ska ha effekter på arbetsplatserna och dess arbetsmiljö, främst personalens välbefinnande och hälsa. Även att som konstnärer bidra till nytänkande och utveckling fanns med i syftet. På så sätt har för konstnärerna andra arbetsområden än de mera traditionella tydliggjorts. Konstnärernas möten med arbetsplatserna, där det fungerat bra, kan något förenklat sammanfattas med orden roa och oroa vars innehåll har skapats genom konstnärens kompetens och synsätt. Konstnärens närvaro och relation till personalen har inneburit ett ifrågasättande av deras praktik. Personal har då tvingats till att tolka och försöka förstå vad som har skett i mötet. Arbete består ofta av relativt väl avgränsade uppgifter och mål vilka, enligt organisationsforskningen, har en strävan till att sätta fokus på konstruktioner av rutiner och att upprätthålla det kända och existerande. Genom att genomföra aktiviteter som är utmanande i mötet mellan konstnären och arbetsplatsen kan befintliga rutiner oroas. På så vis kan konstnärernas kommunikation med anställda och chefer främja en förändring av det vardagliga handlandet på en arbetsplats. Ny mening kan ha konstruerats i mötet mellan konstnärer och anställda, i smått och i stort, med andra förtecken än de enbart strikt rationella och instrumentella. I vilken om fattning och exakt när detta har skett är svårt att uttala sig om. Varje relation innehåller samtidigt konkurrens och samarbete. Konkurrens innebär att maktförhållandena tydliggörs och utmanas. I alla relationer finns makt närvarande. Samarbete är förutsättningen för ett samtal. På så sätt, när det är som bäst, innehåller mötet konkurrens i form av makt såväl som samarbete för att etablera ett kreativt innehåll i relationen mellan konstnären och personalen. Mötet innehåller också paradoxer som exempelvis det kända och okända som båda samtidigt finns närvarande. Att roa innebär att locka fram positiva känslor som glädje och skratt. I mötet mellan det kända och okända, roandet och oroandet sätts kreativa processer igång som kan ha lett till att individers välbefinnande har gynnats och nya tankar som utvecklar verksamheten kan ha konstruerats. Genom att agera med utgångspunkt i det för personalen okända som kan gränsa till fiktion och fantasi så kan konstnärerna ha bidragit till förnyelse av personalens vardagliga kommunikation och till att skapa ny mening. Detta skiljer sig från de flesta konsulters infallsvinklar. På så sätt är konstnärernas bidrag ett nytt och hoppingivande inslag i det Skånska arbetslivet. Om ovanstående är den positiva bild av projekten så finns där också problem. Om arbetsplatsen inte ges möjlighet att känna sig inkluderad i ett projekt så är risken stor att det förskjuts eller i bästa fall bara blir en kul grej som stör personalen i deras arbete. Ramar och struktur för varje enskilt projekt är också nödvändigt. Om dessa är för vida finns en risk att kreativiteten och bidraget till välbefinnande uteblir, för konstnär såväl som hos personalen. Det är viktigt att det finns möjligheter för att de tillsammans kan skapa en arena där självorganisering av relationers innehåll tillåts ske. På så sätt utmanas också konstnärens makt utav personalen. Detta sker genom att konkurrens (makt) och samarbete är ständiga processer som finns närvarande i relationen. Behovet av ödmjukhet i det lokala mötet är stort. En sådan ödmjukhet har konstnärerna i hög grad också uppvisat, även i de projekt som inte kan anses fullt ut lyckade. Beroende på lokala specifika förutsättningarna har resultaten inte alltid blivit vad som har förväntats. Genom att i större omfattning beakta det lokala och organisationens specifika förutsättningar så kan effekten i kommande projekt, där möten mellan två komplexa världar sker, ytterligare förbättras.

I projektet Skiss Skåne har konstnärer varit anställda på olika arbetsplatser för att med sin kompetens bidra till minskad sjukfrånvaro och främja hälsa, kreativitet och nytänkande. Samtidigt är målet också att de ska bredda sin arbetsmarknad. Det är ett svårt uppdrag. Så vitt vi vet har ingen presenterat någon slutlig plan för eller lösning av sjukfrånvaroproblematiken och hur kreativitet utvecklas i olika sammanhang. Org-anisationer är komplexa och därmed oförutsägbara, vilket gör att sådana specific-erade planers genomförande inte är realistiska verktyg för att minska sjukfrånvaro och öka välbefinnandet på arbetsplatser. Enligt oss är utsikterna därför små för att kunna ta fram en specificerad plan för t ex hur sjukfrånvaron skall minskas.

De resultat av Skiss Skåne som kan avläsas är yttringar av vad som konstrueras genom dynamiska och mångfacetterade relationer. I centrum för projektens resultat står en omfattande kommunikation mellan människor och mellan människor och teknologi. På så sätt är resultaten i detalj specifika för varje enskilt projekt. Projektens resultat har ingått i komplexa sammanhang och är därför svåra att mäta. Däremot kan vi med stöd i tidigare forskning påvisa de mönster och principer som ligger bakom de resultat och processer som projekt inom ramen för Skiss Skåne har genererat, för att stödja välbefinnande, hälsa och kreativitet på arbetsplatserna.

Intervjuer av konstnärer, personal och chefer samt berättelser som konstnärerna har skrivit har syftat till att beskriva och förstå vad som sker i mötet mellan konstnärer och personal samt ge exempel på resultat som uppnåtts. Detta har satts i relation till vår tidigare forskning med dess olika teorier och perspektiv inom främst hälsa, välbefinnande, organisering, lärande och kreativitet.

Why does not the teacher staff act as they are told to according to the school management documents? Why are not the latest curriculum and its contents within public schools carried through? Why do not the rational forms of implementation and management, recommended by management literature, work? (Alvesson & Sveningson 2003); Bartunek 2006; Brunsson 2007; Morrison 2002; Pye 2006; Weick & Sutcliffe 2001; Weisly). Furthermore they are used for managing Swedish public School. Managing Swedish public organizations, as for example public schools, has been discussed and there are controversies as to why actions as management models, laws and other regulations do not give the intended results as expected (Scherp and Scherp 2007). The article, with its empirical material and theoretical issue, is meant to give a comprehension and explanation of why logic and contents of management sometimes fail to correspond to logic and contents in practice. To answer questions about implementation and management this article sets out from what actually happens within organizations, and not what is expected to happen. You cannot explain a rule by another one; a rule needs to be explained by its practice.

Att vara rektor innebär att ständigt bli inkastad i olika händelser. Rektor förväntas ta ansvar för och lösa alla problem som uppstår i skolan oavsett om det handlar om ett läckande rör, en elev som inte uppnår målen eller ett ekonomiskt underskott som ska vändas till plus.

Författarna erbjuder i denna bok verktyg för att bättre kunna förstå och hantera den faktiska vardagen som rektor eller skolledare. Dessa verktyg gör det möjligt för skolledare att utveckla förmågan att manövrera i en komplex och föränderlig värld, där paradoxer som kontroll och icke-kontroll är ständigt närvarande. Genom att skapa strukturer där människor tillåts hantera komplexiteten på egna villkor utvecklas mening och passion för verksamheten. Det innebär att rektor har ett medansvar snarare än ett odelat ansvar som ledare.

Denna andra upplaga innehåller ett nytt kapitel om chefers eget lärande, nyare forskning har inarbetats och fler tips om hur man kan hantera den komplexa vardagen har lagts till.

Boken vänder sig i första hand till blivande och verksamma ledare inom skolan – förskolechefer, rektorer och skolledare inom grund- och gymnasieskola och arbetslagsledare – men är relevant för alla med intresse för organisation och styrning.

The aim of this paper is to explore the social challenge of sustainable work systems and regenerative work. This is done by using complexity theory to grasp and understand the vision of sustainable work systems. A comprehensive literature review generated a theoretical framework for both sustainable work systems and understanding of complexity and in addition these two phenomena’s point of contact. Two case studies provide an empirical example and illustrate the potential in the conjunction of sustainability and complexity.A sustainable work system can be described as a simultaneous development and convergence between different levels and interests interrelated to the work organisation; from the individual perspective to the surrounding world of the organisation. A sustainable work system is characterised by having the capacity to regenerate and support the growth of the individual’s (employees) cognitive and emotional resources and at the same time maintain or increase competitiveness of the organisation. From the employee’s perspective this paper suggests that in order to reinforce and strengthen the individual, these same resources must be both recognised, adopted and have satisfactory support in the work organisation.This paper suggests that work organisations ought to create a work environment condition that supports self organisation, and acknowledge complexity and uncertainty as the normal state of reality.

This paper is the first piece of a jigsaw puzzle in an effort to study the conditions that enable

Swedish principals and preschool leaders to do a good job, create an identity and safeguard

health. The present study is the first step to approach the overarching aim of understanding

how principals’ and preschool leaders’ assignments are interpreted and construed and of who

or what enables or prevents them from doing a good job. The primary aim of this paper is to

narrow down how the assignment (the task)) is interpreted and to identify the markers for how

principals and preschool leaders look upon the chances of doing a good job. These markers

will subsequently form the basis of an in-depth qualitative study we have begin.

The effects that work has on individuals are not unknown. The importance of work in terms of the subjective well-being and growth of individuals through their work, however, is not as extensively discussed and documented. Risk factors and unhealthy factors have long been discussed at the expense of positive conditions for well-being and personal growth. We like to call work with that type of potential regenerative work. Hence, that is the type of work that we have chosen to focus on in this study. The following research objectives have guided us through the study: Which everyday work processes may contribute to sustainable prerequisites for the subjective well-being and growth of individuals? The study takes an explorative approach to two workplaces - a care unit at a hospital and a manufacturing company. Our aim is to increase the understanding of prerequisites for the well-being and growth of individuals through their work. Three themes emerged in this type of regenerative work: performance, general overview and participation, and dialogue. These themes are problemised by looking at their potential in relation to the organisation of the work. Prerequisites for performance, general overview and participation, and finally dialogue prove to be more efficient in contexts where the complexity of the work and organisation is acknowledged and where there is room for inter-subjective sense-making and self-organising.