Den första utgåvan av Birgit Lundgrens Handbok i Sensorisk Analys utkom 1981. Den har sedan dess blivit en klassiker inom sensoriska kretsar och i ordets verkliga bemärkelse blivit använd som just en handbok – en bok att hålla fast vid i alla typer av sensoriska sammanhang. Vi vill med denna uppdaterade nyutgåva beskriva de traditionella metoderna med dagens termer samt komplettera med några nya metoder.

Linux-based Edge Gateways that connects hundreds or maybe thousands of IoT devices, are exposed to various threats and cyber-attacks from the internet. These attacks form a considerable risk targeting the privacy and confidentiality of IoT devices throughout their gateways. Many researches and studies have been conducted to alleviate such a problem. One of the solutions can be achieved by building a root of trust based on a hardware module such as Trusted Platform Module (TPM) or software like Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). In this work, we provide a solution to the problem by enabling Hardware Root of Trust (HRoT) using TPM on a product from HMS Industrial Network AB known as GWen board, a Linux-based embedded system, used as gateway to connect IoT devices. We describe a method that uses the processor of the GWen (i.e. Zynq-7020 FPGA SoC) to enable secure boot. Besides, we provide a method to enable the TPM chip mounted on the GWen (i.e. SLB 9670 TPM 2.0) using TPM Software Stack TSS 2.0. We demonstrated, in detail, various use-cases using the TPM on GWen including cryptographic keys generation, secure key storage and key usage for different cryptographic operations. Furthermore, we conducted an analysis to the adopted solution by inspecting the latency of TPM commands on the GWen gateway. According to the high restrictions of TPM 2.0 specifications and based on our results, adding the TPM 2.0 to the IoT gateway GWen will enhance the security of its Linux distribution and will makes it possible to securely identify and authenticate the gateway on the network based on its secret keys that are stored securely inside its TPM.

This work presents an energy system design for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) after applying our design the WSN should theoretically have an infinite lifetime. Energy harvesting sources can provide suitable energy for WSN nodes and reduce their dependence on battery. In this project, an efficient energy harvesting and storage system is proposed. By using (two supercapacitors and four DC/DC converters with step up /step down capabilities) all of them controlled by Microcontroller via switches to consider the best way to save energy to keep the WSN alive as long as possible. The usage of supercapacitors as an energy buffer to supply the sensor components (microcontroller and radio) with energy it needs to work. We could control the energy flow according to a specific voltage levels in supercapacitors to guaranty the full functionality for WSN with minimizing the loss of energy, and that’s leads to long time life for the wireless sensor node WSN. Another important thing we find in our experiment that is the inner leakage of the supercapacitor and how it has a critical effect on how long it can serve our system with energy. This paper contains on two theoretical sections (Part one and part two) which are based on literature reviews, and one experimental section (Part three) based on experimental building the prototype, coding and testing.

The rural areas in the Gaza Strip suffer from the problem of sanitation and organic waste as well as electricity and cooking fuel. In this thesis, the biogas plant was designed to solve those problems based on the fixed dome plant design as shown in Figure 3 and4. Therefore, the efficiency and selectivity was good for biogas plant which is easy for the local people disposal of organic waste and wastewater as well as self-sufficiency of biogas for cooking and electricity for the family. The sediments from the biogas plant are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. Thus it is possible to know the amount of biogas production, the cost of biogas, the amount of fertilizer, the cost of fertilizers and the amount of disposal of organic waste and wastewater. The calculation shows that the size of digester which is equal to 12 cubic meters as shown in figure 4.The construction is cost of $ 930 as shown in Table 2. Through the results will be disposed of organic waste, wastewater and manure are about 48 kilograms per day for the family. The Biogas is produced 0.5 tons of biogas is estimated about $ 100 in rural areas in the Gaza Strip. It is also produced fertilizers equivalent of $ 113 per month. So the results and calculations are clear that the rural family is self-sufficient of biogas, the dispose of organic waste and wastewater and agricultural growth by the fertilizers from the biogas plant. 

Introduction

‘Conference’ pear is a climactic autumn pear with unpredictable storage capacity. By studying the storage capacity of the pears, insights can be obtained which can reduce food waste.

Aim

The aim of this thesis is to study the storability of conference pears in refrigerated temperature against room temperature after longterm storage in modified atmosphere. The study compares conventionally and organically grown pears.

Material and methods

Organic and conventional Conference pears were studied in refrigerated and room temperature during a three week period. Every other day 5 pears were taken from each test group (organic in cool and room temperature, conventional in cool and room temperature). The pears went through a series of tests which measured weight, color, firmness, brix and pH. As a sensory study, a consensus test was made where pears were assessed by a panel according to predetermined attributes in seven-grade scales.

Results

The result shows that Conference pears stored at room temperature lost more weight than Conference pears stored in cool during the test period. The pH value dropped for all pear groups while Brix levels decreased for pears stored in cool, but increased for pears stored in room temperature. All pears developed a darker color throughout the test period, both internally and externally. Conventionally grown pears retained it’s green color best in cool storage compared to organically grown peras, but developed a yellow tone instead. All organic pears were perceived to develop a grainier texture and a more brownish color than conventional pears.

Conclusion

The shelf-life of Conference pears became shorter in room temperature compared to the refrigerated temperature after long-term storage in modified atmosphere. With the exception of the pears starting values, the ripening behavior of organic and conventional pears are similar except that the conventional pears developed a more yellow color over time and the organic pears developed a more brown color instead.

Introduction: Being able to influence the sensory properties of chicken by affecting the feed during breeding, is an interesting concept that can lead to many possibilities. At Bosarp's farm just outside of Blentarp in Skåne they have tried to execute this concept by adding carrots and kale as a complement to the chicken’s basic diet.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate whether carrot and kale, as a complement to the basal diet, affect the sensory characteristics of the chicken meat.Material and method: To achieve the aim of this study two different sensory differences tests have been applied, first a duo trio test and then a two paired sample test.Results: There were no differences regarding the appearance and taste characteristics between the samples of meat from chickens bred with or without the addition of carrots and kale in the feed, but there was a significant difference regarding the texture.Conclusion: There was a difference in texture, which was either due to the feeding, the cooking, the age of the chicken or handling of the chicken meat after slaughter.

This dissertation, titled Interactive Music Composition, is a practice based Ph.D. thesis in the field of Musicology. The purpose is to explore if and how one can compose computer based interactive music, that is musically satisfying for an interacting audience, consisting of both laymen and skilled musicians. The text describes the design and reflection in two interactive music installations: Do-Be-DJ, open-air installation in a public park, and, Mufi, with modular and moveable interface. Based on methods and per­spectives in Musicology and Interaction Design, a composition model for interactive music is developed. The model investigates the experience di­mensions listen, explore, compose and collaborate. It also investigates the design dimensions of interaction, narrative structure, composition rule and sound node. The conceptual approach is to apply improvisation and composition methods from jazz, pop and groove based music on interactive music. It also uses the concepts of openess in musical structures and interpretation, musical mediation of actions and meaning and everyday use of music, when composing interactive music. The dissertation contributes to an understanding of how to create composition techniques for interactive music, such as: Direct, varied and shifting response. It reflects on the change in meaning of the musicological terms composition, improvisation, musical work, listener, musician and audience. And on the interaction design terms interaction, gameplay, system and user. The term co-creator is used to describe an actively, interacting and collaborating person, to complement traditional terms like audience, performer and user.

Our voice and body are important parts of our self-experience, and our communication and relational possibilities. They gradually become more important for Interaction Design due to increased development of tangible interaction and mobile communication. In this paper we present and discuss our work with voice and tangible interaction in our ongoing research project RHYME. The goal is to improve health for families, adults and children with disabilities through use of collaborative, musical, tangible media. We build on the use of voice in Music Therapy and on a humanistic health approach. Our challenge is to design vocal and tangible interactive media that through use reduce isolation and passivity and increase empowerment for the users. We use sound recognition, generative sound synthesis, vibrations and cross-media techniques to create rhythms, melodies and harmonic chords to stimulate voice-body connections, positive emotions and structures for actions.

Our voice and body are important parts of our self-expression and self-experience for all of us. They are also essential for our way to communicate and build relations cross borders such as abilities, ages, locations and backgrounds. Voice, body and tangibility gradually become more important for ICT, due to increased development of tangible interaction and mobile communication. The voice and tangible interaction therefore also become more important for the Universal Design field. In this paper we present and discuss our work with voice and tangible interaction in our ongoing research project RHYME. The goal is to improve health for families, adults and children with disabilities through use of collaborative, musical, tangible and sensorial media. We build on use of voice in Music Therapy, knowledge from multi-sensory stimulation and on a humanistic health approach. Our challenge is to design vocal and tangible interactive media that are sensorially stimulating. Interactive media that through use reduce isolation and passivity and increase empowerment for all the users. We use sound recognition, generative sound synthesis, vibrations and cross-media techniques, to create rhythms, melodies and harmonic chords to stimulate voice-body connections, positive emotions and structures for actions.

Our voice and body are important parts of our self-expression and self-experience for all of us. They are also essential for our way to communicate and build relations cross borders such as abilities, ages, locations and backgrounds. Voice, body and tangibility gradually become more important for Information and Communication Technology (ICT), due to increased development of tangible interaction and mobile communication. The voice and tangible interaction therefore also become more important for the fields of Assistive Technology, Health Technology and Universal Design. In this paper we present and discuss our work with voice and tangible interaction in our on-going research project RHYME. The goal is to improve health for families, adults and children with disabilities through use of collaborative, musical, tangible and sensorial media. We build on use of voice in Music Therapy, knowledge from multi-sensory stimulation and on a humanistic health approach. Our challenge is to design vocal and tangible interactive media that are sensorially stimulating. Interactive media that through use, can reduce isolation and passivity and increase empowerment for all the users. We use sound recognition, generative sound synthesis, vibrations and cross-media techniques, to create rhythms, melodies and harmonic chords to stimulate voice-body connections, positive emotions and structures for actions.

Our voice and body are important parts of our self-expression and self-experience. They are also essential for our way to communicate and build relations cross borders like abilities, ages, locations, backgrounds and cultures. Voice and tangibility gradually become more important when developing new music technology for the Music Therapy and the Music and Health fields, due to new technology possibilities that have recently arisen. For example smartphones, computer games and networked, social media services like Skype. In this paper we present and discuss our work with voice and tangible interaction in our ongoing research project. The goal is to improve health for families, adults and children with severe disabilities through use of collaborative, musical, tangible sensorial media. We build on use of voice in Music Therapy and studies by Lisa Sokolov, Diane Austin, Kenneth Bruscia and Joanne Loewy. Further we build on knowledge from Multi-sensory stimulation and on a humanistic health approach. Our challenge is to design vocal and tangible, sensorially stimulating interactive media, that through use reduce isolation and passivity and increase empowerment for all the users. We use sound recognition, generative sound synthesis, vibrations and cross- media techniques, to create rhythms, melodies and harmonic chords to stimulate body- voice connections, positive emotions and structures for actions. The reflections in this paper build on action research methods, video observations and research-by-design methods. We reflect on observations of families and close others with children with severe disabilities, interacting in three vocal and tangible installations.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse and understand resolution, repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement system for package distance. The measurement system for package distance is already in use, no Gage R&R has been performed on the system and before spreading use of the system the quality of the system has to be understood and approved

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the analysis of task-related heart rate variability (HRV). Respiration and HRV are measured from 92 test participants while performing a chirp-breathing task consisting of breathing at a slowly increasing frequency under metronome guidance. A non-stationary stochastic model, belonging to the class of Locally Stationary Chirp Processes, is used to model the task-related HRV data, and its parameters are estimated with a novel inference method. The corresponding optimal mean-square error (MSE) time-frequency spectrum is derived and evaluated both with the individually estimated model parameters and the common process parameters. The results from the optimal spectrum are compared to the standard spectrogram with different window lengths and the Wigner-Ville spectrum, showing that the MSE optimal spectral estimator may be preferable to the other spectral estimates because of its optimal bias and variance properties. The estimated model parameters are considered as response variables in a regression analysis involving several physiological factors describing the test participants’ state of health, finding a correlation with gender, age, stress, and fitness. The proposed novel approach consisting of measuring HRV during a chirp-breathing task, a corresponding time-varying stochastic model, inference method, and optimal spectral estimator gives a complete framework for the study of task-related HRV in relation to factors describing both mental and physical health and may highlight otherwise overlooked correlations. This approach may be applied in general for the analysis of non-stationary data and especially in the case of task-related HRV, and it may be useful to search for physiological factors that determine individual differences.

The study will provide a sauce based on dehydrated baobabpulp. Baobab is a tree mostly grown in Africa of which the pulp, kernels, leaves and bark can be used for food applications or as herbal medication. The fruit has a high nutritional value of both macronutrients and micronutrients. During the study, dried pulp extracted from the baobab fruit was used as an emulsifier and flavoring of a sauce adapted for a vegan oats/kelpburger. In order to investigate which flavor the consumers prefer and to determine the taste of the end product, an acceptance test is carried out in a grocery store. A semi-trained panel was used to perform a descriptive test with oats/kelpburger and baobab emulsion. The sensory profile of the oat/kelpburger were developed from a previous project av Aventure AB. The descriptive test examined how the baobabsauce taste, pH and viscosity of affect the sensory profile of oats/kelpburger. The studies show that consumers prefer a sauce based on an emulsion with a lower viscosity and do not like a neutral baobabsauce. Upon swallowing, the level of liking of texture decreases and this may be due to insoluble particles in the baobabpulp. The different flavorings of the emulsions affected the oat/kelpburger's sensory profile differently, the Sudanese emulsion masked the taste and aroma of kelp while the neutral emulsion increased the intensity of the burnt taste and aroma of the oat/kelpburger.

All forecasts of Internet trac point at a substantial growth over the next few years. From a network operator perspective, efficient in-network caching of data is and will be a key component in trying to cope with and profit from this increasing demand. One problem, however, is to evaluate the performance of different caching policies as the number of available data items as well as the distribution networks grows very large.

In this work, we develop an analytical model of an aggregation access network receiving a continuous flow of requests from external clients. We provide exact analytical solutions for cache hit rates, data availability and more. This enables us to provide guidelines and rules of thumb for operators and Information-Centric Network designers.

Finally, we apply our analytical results to a real VoD trace from a network operator and show that substantial bandwidth savings can be expected when using in-network caching in a realistic setting.

Projektet har till syfte att undersöka den revolutionerande tekniken bakom IP-telefoni. Eftersom tekniken är relativt ung så finns det fortfarande mycket att lära om hur det fungerar och hur den används. Projektet behandlar fördelar och nackdelar samt vilka hot som finns och hur man kan känna sig säker när man använder IP-telefoni till vardags. Det primära objektivet med projektet är att få en helhetsbild och förstå hur tekniken verkligen fungerar.

Vidare behandlas telefonens historia då det är viktigt att se var tekniken har sina rötter och hur den utvecklats sedan dess. Som en röd tråd från telefonens teknologi och det publika telefonnätets rötter görs en jämförelse mellan de två teknologierna för att se skillanderna och förmodade fördelar och nackdelar med de båda systemen. Olika sorters protokoll som har ett nära förhållande till IP-telefoni så som SIP, RTP, UDP och IP behandlas. För att få en sanningsenlig bild över hur vardagliga användare upplever IP-telefoni så har en enkätundersökning angående vanor och möjliga problem gjorts hos de anställda på Region Skåne.

Video content, of which YouTube is a major part, constitutes a large share of residential Internet traffic. In this paper, we analyse the user demand patterns for YouTube in two metropolitan access networks with more than 1 million requestsover three consecutive weeks in the first network and more than 600,000 requests over four consecutive weeks in the second network.

In particular we examine the existence of “local interest communities”, i.e. the extent to which users living closer to each other tend to request the same content to a higher degree, and it is found that this applies to (i) the two networks themselves; (ii) regions within these networks (iii) households with regions and (iv) terminals within households. We also find that different types of access devices (PCs and handhelds) tend to form similar interest communities.

It is also found that repeats are (i) “self-generating” in the sense that the more times a clip has been played, the higher the probability of playing it again, (ii) “long-lasting” in the sense that repeats can occur even after several days and (iii) “semi regular”in the sense that replays have a noticeable tendency tooccur with relatively constant intervals.

The implications of these findings are that the benefits from large groups of users in terms of caching gain may be exaggerated, since users are different depending on where they live and what equipment they use, and that high gains can be achieved in relatively small groups or even for individual users thanks totheir relatively predictable behaviour.

Streaming video continues to experience unprecedented growth. This underscores the need to identify user-centric performance measures and models that will allow operators to satisfy requirements for cost-effective network dimensioning delivered with an acceptable level of user experience. This paper presents an analysis of two novel metrics in the context of fixed capacity links: (i) the average proportion of a video’s playing time during which the quality is reduced and (ii) the average proportion of videos which experience reduced quality at least once during their playing time, based on an M/M/∞ system. Our analysis is shown to hold for the more general M/G/∞ system for metric (i), but not for (ii) and simulation studies show an unexpected form of sensitivity of metric (ii) to the flow duration distribution, contrary to the norm of increasing variance causing worse performance. At typical operational loads these new metrics provide a more sensitive and information rich guide for understanding how user experience degrades, than the widely used average throughput metric does. We further show that only the combined use of this existing and our new metrics can provide a holistic perspective on overall user performance.

The coverage areas of cellular networks are logically subdivided into service areas. Each service area has a local anchor node which “hides” the mobility inside the area and the entire network has a global anchor node which “hides” the mobility between areas.

The concept of unique local anchor nodes per service area was invented to simplify routing but has been found to complicate expansion. The rapidly growing demand for cellular access has therefore prompted for alternative solutions with pools of local anchor nodes per service area. Such pools are now deployed by several operators all over the world.

Users in pooled service areas are mapped to specific pool members according to a load distribution policy, but the mapping can change as a result of node failures or operator interventions. Such changes take a certain time to implement and cause additional load on the anchor nodes. We study these processes in detail and derive closed form expressions which allow operators to control the trade-off between rapid changes and acceptable loads.

Finally we show that the key assumptions of our model are in agreement with measured data and demonstrate how the model can be applied to investigate the effects of different network settings (timers) under different user behaviour (traffic and mobility).

Contrary to current solutions to this problem, which typically are slow and/or inaccurate, our results enable fast and accurate analysis of different scenarios thereby enabling operators to maximise utilisation of the existing investments and at the same time avoid potentially dangerous situations of overload.

We consider TCP performance for cloud servicesin 5G cellular networks and show that edge clouds offer the highest throughput, but that further improvements still arepossible. To this end we devise a concept where edge clouds connected directly to the radio access network can increase their transmission rates by relying on the built in re-transmissions (through quality of service features) and on the built in userfairness (through per-user buffers and scheduler policies). We use numerical examples from measurements in real networks to demonstrate that the concept is efficient and significantly improves the effective throughput beyond what placement alone can do, and we also outline possible further improvements.

We consider bottlenecks of TCP throughput in scenarios with edge clouds and 5G cellular networks. By numerical examples from measurements in real networks, we show that edge clouds indeed improve throughput but that several, nonnegligible bottlenecks remain. We therefore devise a concept where edge clouds connected directly to the radio access networkcan increase their transmission rates by relying on built in retransmissions (through quality of service features) and on the built in user fairness (through per-user buffers and scheduler policies). We then return to the numerical examples and show that our solution provides substantial gains and we concludeby identifying and discussing the remaining bottlenecks and the potential of an improved protocol.

Quantifying quality of experience for network applications is challenging as it is a subjective metric with multiple dimensions such as user expectation, satisfaction, and overall experience. Today, despite various techniques to support differentiated Quality of Service (QoS), the operators still lack of automated methods to translate QoS to QoE, especially for general web applications.

In this work, we take the approach of identifying unsatisfactory performance by searching for user initiated early terminations of web transactions from passive monitoring. However, user early abortions can be caused by other factors such as loss of interests. Therefore, naively using them to represent user dissatisfaction will result in large false positives. In this paper, we propose a systematic method for inferring user dissatisfaction from the set of early abortion behaviors observed from identifying the traffic traces. We conduct a comprehensive analysis on the user acceptance of throughput and response time, and compare them with the traditional MOS metric. Then we present the characteristics of early cancelation from dimensions like the types of URLs and objects. We evaluate our approach on four data sets collected in both wireline network and a wireless cellular network.

In an increasingly competitive environment it is more important than ever for operators to keep their end users satisfied. User satisfaction is often characterised in terms of Quality of Experience (QoE), a subjective metric with multiple dimensions such as expectations, content, terminal, environment, cost and performance. QoE is typically quantified as MOS, mean opinion score, which is obtained by averaging the ranks of a number of voluntary users for controlled combinations content/terminals/performance etc. While this approach has many advantages, there are also a number of difficulties such as representativeness (the number of users as well as the number of objects and devices all have to be kept small); validity (the results may be biased by the situation, the setting, the renumeration and so on); and applicability (it is not clear how different numbers map to notions such as “acceptable” or “unacceptable” and operators alone cannot do very much about factors such as content).

We thus investigate the possibilities of detecting user opinions in the above, simplified, terms and from the network itself; with actual expectations, content, terminals, environments, costs and performance for virtually all users all the time. To this end we revisit the earlier suggestion that user opinions be reflected in their behaviour such that poor performance may result in interrupted requests. These works have, however, considered single flows hence we extend that idea to web pages which are groups of flows. In this paper we present our methods to group flows, interpret users, and characterise performance and we make a first assessment of the correlations between web page interruptions and network performance characteristics.

Mobile wireless networks constitute an indispensable part of the global Internet, and with TCP the dominating transport protocol on the Internet, it is vital that TCP works equally well over these networks as over wired ones. This paper identifies the performance dependencies by analyzing the responsiveness of TCP NewReno and TCP CUBIC when subject to bandwidth variations related to movements in different directions. The presented evaluation complements previous studies on 4G mobile networks in two important ways: It primarily focuses on the behavior of the TCP congestion control in medium- to high-velocity mobility scenarios, and it not only considers the current 4G mobile networks, but also low latency configurations that move towards the overall potential delays in 5G networks. The paper suggests that while both CUBIC and NewReno give similar goodput in scenarios where the radio channel continuously degrades, CUBIC gives a significantly better goodput in scenarios where the radio channel quality continuously increases. This is due to CUBIC probing more aggressively for additional bandwidth. Important for the design of 5G networks, the obtained results also demonstrate that very low latencies are capable of equalizing the goodput performance of different congestion control algorithms. Only in low latency scenarios that combine both large fluctuations of available bandwidths and a mobility pattern in which the radio channel quality continuously increases can some performance differences be noticed.

Mobile internet has been widely adopted and it is expected to rise to almost 4 billion users by 2020. Despite the research effort dedicated to the enhancement of its performance, there still exists a gap in the understanding of how TCP and its many variants work over LTE. To this end, this paper evaluates the extent to which five common TCP variants, CUBIC, NewReno,Westwood+, Illinois, and CAIA Delay Gradient (CDG), are able to utilise available radio resources under hard conditions, such as during start-up and in mobile scenarios at different speeds. The paper suggests that CUBIC, due to its Hybrid Slow-Start mechanism, enters congestion avoidance prematurely, and thus experiences a prolonged start-up phase. As a result, it is unable to efficiently utilise radio resources during shorter transmissionsessions. Besides, CUBIC, Illinois and NewReno, i.e., the loss-based TCP implementations, offer better throughput, and are able to better utilise available resources during mobility than Westwood+ and CDG - the delay-based variants do.

Internet traffic from a fibre based residential access network is investigated concerning traffic volumes and link load. Also the cost of the services is analyzed. We show that 1 Mbps accesses subscribers maintain high loads, and that the price they pay per GB used is five times higher than the one paid by 100 Mbps access subscribers.

The role of unregulated and inappropriate dispensing, and use of antibiotics remains significant in the development of antimicrobial resistance in infectious disease endemic regions of developing countries. The exposure to antibiotics from unfamiliar and unsuspecting sources such as drinking water and food, and adulterated herbal medicines remains a cause for concern. A sensitive SPE-LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification and qualification of 12 antibiotics, including amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, metronidazole, ampicillin, cefuroxime, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, benzylpenicillin, and erythromycin, in the urine of healthy volunteers. The method was linear (r(2) > 0.98) within the concentration range 50-5000 ngmL(-1) for all the analytes. Instrument precision of 8-27% and 4-21% at 100 and 1000 ngmL(-1) levels were demonstrated. High mean recoveries between 71 and 125% with minimal variations were obtained for all compounds in the accuracy study. Limits of detection and quantification ranged between 70.3-271.0 ngmL(-1) and 213-821 ngmL(-1) respectively. The validated method successfully detected and quantified 9 of the 12 analytes, with the exception of clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, and benzylpenicillin. Most of the samples contained one analyte (52, 86.7%), with a handful containing two (7, 11.7%) and three analytes (1, 1.7%). Ciprofloxacin was the modal analyte detected (17, 24.6%), with amoxicillin and trimethoprim recording the average lowest (22.76 x 10(3) ngmL(-1)) and highest concentrations (255.47 x 10(3) ngmL(-1)) respectively. The developed method is a useful tool for non-invasive monitoring of consumption and the irrational use of antibiotics in microbial resistant-prone regions of the world.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters can be used to reduce emissions of organic micropollutants via municipal wastewater, but it is still uncertain to which extent biological degradation contributes to their removal in GAC filters. ¹⁴C-labeled organic micropollutants were therefore used to distinguish degradation from adsorption in a GAC-filter media with associated biofilm. The rates and extents of biological degradation and adsorption were investigated and compared with other biofilm systems, including a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a sand filter, by monitoring ¹⁴C activities in the liquid and gas phases. The microbial cleavage of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and mecoprop was confirmed for all biofilms, based on the formation of ¹⁴CO₂, whereas the degradation of ¹⁴C-labeled moieties of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine was undetected. Higher degradation rates for diclofenac were observed for the GAC-filter media than for the other biofilms. Degradation of previously adsorbed diclofenac onto GAC could be confirmed by the anaerobic adsorption and subsequent aerobic degradation by the GAC-bound biofilm. This study demonstrates the potential use of ¹⁴C-labeled micropollutants to study interactions and determine the relative contributions of adsorption and degradation in GAC-based treatment systems.

Året inleddes med en ny organisation för Högskolan Kristianstad och bildandetav fyra nya fakulteter. Avdelningen för Mat- och måltidsvetenskapingår numera i Fakulteten för Naturvetenskap tillsammans med avdelningenför Datavetenskap och avdelningen för Miljö och biologi. Det varinte bara för HKR som det gångna året innebar organisatoriska förändringarutan även för vår avdelning.Bitte Müller Hansen gick i pension efter nästan tio år som programansvarigför Gastronomiprogrammet och avdelningschef. Bitte har betytt oerhörtmycket för utveckling av programmet och har lagt ner stort engagemangi såväl utbildningen, som i sina kontakter med studenter och medarbetsmarknaden.

This study is the first to investigate the pharmaceutical burden from point sources affecting the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. The investigated Biosphere Reserve is a >1000 km(2) wetland system with inflows from lakes, rivers, leachate from landfill, and wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs). We analysed influent and treated wastewater, leachate water, lake, river, and wetland water alongside sediment for six model pharmaceuticals. The two WWTPs investigated released pharmaceutical residues at levels close to those previously observed in Swedish monitoring exercises. Compound-dependent WWTP removal efficiencies ranging from 12 to 100 % for bendroflumethiazide, oxazepam, atenolol, carbamazepine, and diclofenac were observed. Surface-water concentrations in the most affected lake were ≥100 ng/L for the various pharmaceuticals with atenolol showing the highest levels (>300 ng/L). A small risk assessment showed that adverse single-substance toxicity on aquatic organisms within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is unlikely. However, the effects of combinations of a large number of known and unknown pharmaceuticals, metals, and nutrients are still unknown.

Det är känt att humant trombocytantigen (HPA) kan innebära komplikationer vid transfusion av trombocyter. Om en patient erhåller trombocyter med humant trombocytantigen som personen redan utvecklat antikroppar emot kan komplikationer som feber, påskyndad nedbrytning av trombocyter som ger trombocytopeni samt post-transfusion purpura uppstå eftersom immunförsvaret då ser trombocyterna som fientliga.

Från den 14:e veckan under graviditeten kan alloantikroppar från modern passera placentabarriären över till fostret. Om humant trombocytantigen skiljer mellan moder och foster kan modern utveckla antikroppar. Dessa antikroppar kan då förstöra fostrets trombocyter. Detta leder till en lägre koncentration av trombocyter hos barnet. I värsta fall kan detta leda till hjärnblödning med dödlighet på ca.20%. Om barnet överlever födseln kommer denne födas med fetal/neonatal alloimmuniserad trombocytopeni (FNAIT), d.v.s. medfödd trombocytopeni.

Målet med denna studie var att utveckla en multiplex PCR-screen, snabbt positivt/negativt svar för högfrekventa Humant trombocytantigen alleler baserat på de mest frekventa som förekommer i dansk befolkning: HPA 1a, -2a, -3a, -5a, -15a och -15b med Extract-N-AmpTMblood kit. Negativa prov från screening genomgick allelic discrimination real-tids PCR för konfirmering av sann HPA- genotyp.

En lyckad multiplex screenmix innehållande HPA 1a, -2a, -5a samt -15a genomfördes. Då HPA - 3a bildade ospecifika band fick denna plockas bort ur mixen. För HPA 15b bildades ingen PCR- produkt och kunde därför inte inkluderas. Totalt screenades 44 blodgivare från Region Skåne varav fyra var negativa för 15a. Detta konfirmerades med allelic discrimination där dessa genotypades till 15b och i likhet med den multipla screeningen inte visade amplifiering av 15a. Vidare optimering krävs där nya primers för 3a samt 15b måste designas för att skapa en komplett högfrekvent human trombocytantigen screen. 

Introduction: Currently, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not efficiently remove pharmaceutical substances (PS). Thus, such substances are now frequently found in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Also, concentrations of some PS in treated effluents exceed Environmental Quality Standards proposed by EU legislation. One resource-efficient option for increasing PS removal in WWTP effluents is to use constructed wetlands (CWs) as an attenuation step (Breitholtz et al. 2012; Li et al. 2014). However, very little research has been done on how to maximize the PS attenuation capacity of CWs. Therefore, a project with the aim to investigate reduction of different pharmaceutical substances in CWs with different vegetation compositions and water depths, was performed at the Experimental Wetland Area (EVA) located 20 km north of Halmstad, Sweden. 

This study suggests a novel method for determination of the channel height in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), which can be used for calibration of the channel for hydrodynamic radiusdeterminations. The novel method uses an oil-in-water nanoemulsion together with multi angle lightscattering (MALS) and elution theory to determine channel height from an AF4 experiment. The methodis validated using two orthogonal methods; first, by using standard particle elution experiments and, sec-ondly, by imaging an assembled and carrier liquid filled channel by x-ray computed tomography (XCT). It is concluded that the channel height can be determined with approximately the same accuracy aswith the traditional channel height determination technique. However, the nanoemulsion method canbe used under more challenging conditions than standard particles, as the nanoemulsion remains stablein a wider pH range than the previously used standard particles. Moreover, the novel method is also morecost effective.

Since the purchase of Siri by Apple, and its release with the iPhone 4S in 2011, virtual assistants (VAs) have grown in number and popularity. The sophisticated natural language processing and speech recognition employed by VAs enables users to interact with them conversationally, almost as they would with another human. To service user voice requests, VAs transmit large amounts of data to their vendors; these data are processed and stored in the Cloud. The potential data security and privacy issues involved in this process provided the motivation to examine the current state of the art in VA research. In this study, we identify peer-reviewed literature that focuses on security and privacy concerns surrounding these assistants, including current trends in addressing how voice assistants are vulnerable to malicious attacks and worries that the VA is recording without the user’s knowledge or consent. The findings show that not only are these worries manifold, but there is a gap in the current state of the art, and no current literature reviews on the topic exist. This review sheds light on future research directions, such as providing solutions to perform voice authentication without an external device, and the compliance of VAs with privacy regulations. 

In order to promote an efficient use of energy for lighting, while putting the user'sperception and light comfort in focus, this project has developed methods and tools tocommunicate light and lighting. To ensure that light environments are designed from auser perspective, existing definitions of light quality, which are mainly based ontechnical terms, have been supplemented with concepts and definitions of visual andemotional character of light. The lighting industry and professional purchasers havebeen involved in all phases of the project in order to develop methods and tools that arewell-grounded and applicable by different actors involved in the process from lightplanning to the implementation of lighting environments.Lighting accounts for a significant part of the total energy use in buildings, about 20per cent for households and 40 per cent for premises. The energy saving potential isthus high. Moreover, Europe is facing a shift towards more energy efficient lighting as aresult of both regulations and technology development. Still, Swedish consumers tendto prefer incandescent light, as it is perceived to provide better comfort compared tomodern light sources. Therefore, in order to motivate property owners and consumersto convert to more energy-efficient products, it is necessary to focus more on the visualand emotional qualities of light. Today, however, knowledge, concepts and tools tocommunicate and measure visual light quality are lacking. This challenge has been themotivation and starting point for the development of methods for assessing objectiveand subjective light qualities for light sources, luminaires and light environmentswithin this project and to translate the results into tools targeting the industry.The project has developed a draft communication tool based on the human perceptionof light quality. The tool aims to constitute a neutral communication point and tosupports both the lighting industry and professional purchaser, and thus also the enduser. By reducing misunderstandings and increasing the consensus between actors indifferent parts of the process from light planning to implementation, the tool isexpected to promote light environments that are both energy-efficient and provideattractive perception and comfort.

Current standards for light environments are based on technical requirements, e.g. luminance, uniformity, and illuminance, and do not necessarily describe all parts of the light experience to ensure visual comfort from a user perspective. Including experience-related requirements would most likely yield better lighting comfort. To do that, new methods for specifying and measuring the user experience are needed. This paper describes a pilot study exploring a new method to analytically assess perceived lighting properties by using a trained human panel and thus make human assessments more objective. The methodology is built on established sensory methods, where the human senses are used in product assessments, traditionally applied within e.g. the food, packaging, and car industries. An analytical panel comprising eight persons fulfilling specific selection criteria were recruited and trained to assess lighting products in a multi-sensory laboratory. The results show that the panelists were able to assess lighting by distinguishing between attributes and products. Significant differences were identified between the different luminaires, both in terms of sensory and physical properties, e.g. read ability and glare. Conclusively, analytical sensory methods can be applied to lighting to assess luminaires in a non-subjective way. Physical and sensory attributes do not, however, always co-vary, which shows that data from physical and sensory measuring methods provide complementary information about light quality. This knowledge may in turn be applied in tools supporting the communication between different professions in lighting design and procurement to promote light environments that are both energy efficient and desirable from an end-user perspective.

Current standards for lit environments are solely based on technical requirements, e.g. brightness, uniformity and luminance. Including experience-related requirements would most likely promote better lighting comfort as well as more energy efficient lit environments and lighting products. However, lack of knowledge on how to describe perceived lighting parameters hampers users and building owners in specifying desired lit environments and for lighting manufacturers to develop products for new markets. The aim of this research project was to apply and develop sensory methods for lightning. In contrast to previous methods for subjective lighting assessment sensory methods enable objective assessment of perceived lighting parameters.An analytical panel comprising eight persons fulfilling specific selection criteria were recruited and trained to assess lighting products in a multi-sensory laboratory at SP Technical Research Institute in Borås. During the development special emphasis has been given to improvements of the training procedure, handling the adaptation of the eye, and assessment of colour and shading. Besides laboratory assessments, the feasibility of analytical assessment in a real context was examined. The same experimental set up and panel was used.The results show that it is possible to apply sensory methods to lighting to objectively assess luminaires; the panellists were able to distinguishing between attributes and samples. Significant differences were identified between the different luminaires, both in terms of sensory and physical properties, e.g. readability and glare. However, physical and sensory parameters do not always co-vary, which shows that physical and sensory measuring methods provide complementary information about the lighting quality. Furthermore, assessment in a real context provided the same, but less significant, results as in the laboratory.In the future, the knowledge may be applied in tools supporting the communication between different professions in lighting design and procurement to promote more desirable and energy efficient lit environments.

Kristianstads reningsverk är dimensionerat för 205 000 pe. En ny utbyggnad av verket är inplanerad för att förbereda för ökade krav på reningsgraden respektive större utveckling av staden. Verket ska i det närmaste öka sin kapacitet till 350 000 pe.Det första reningssteget är av avgörande betydelse då dess avskiljningsgrad kan påverka respektive medfölja hela den efterföljande processen, från dess början till dess slutgiltiga produkt: slammet. Utan den mekaniska förbehandlingen skulle föremål och partiklar följa med vattnet in i verket och förorsaka driftstörningar i form av igensättning i och slitage av maskiner och pumpar.Reningsverket i Kristianstad har otillräcklig separering av föroreningar i den första fasen av reningen, dvs. mekanisk rening i form av galler. Trappstegsgallret släpper igenom alldeles för stora mängder föremål, såsom bindor, tops, hår, fibermaterial och servetter av olika material.Syftet med studien är att undersöka ekonomiska konsekvenser av att byta filter. Otillräcklig eliminering av fasta föroreningar i det inkommande vattnet genom trappstegsgallret, förorsakar onödiga kostnader för verket. En likhetsgranskning mellan nuvarande utgifter och eventuellt investering i det nya hålplåtsgallret ligger centralt i projektet. Undersökning av annuitetsmetoden vid inköp av varor påvisar att investering i det nya gallret som skulle kosta ca 3 mkr (grundinvestering) och genom beräkningar med hjälp av annuitetsmetoden skulle kapitalsatsning vara vid konstant inbetalning av summan 513 tkr per år under ekonomiskt livslängd 15 år. Differensen mellan satsning i de nya gallerna samt underhållsutgifter (397 tkr) för de nuvarande Step-Screen gallret är 513 tkr minus 397 tkr pekar på resultat 116 tkr. Det tyder på att investering i det nya gallret EscaMax kommer att kosta varje år 116 tkr mer än det görs i dagsläget. Det måste nog poängteras att det togs ingen hänsyn till underhållskostnaderna för de nya hålplåtsgallerna i beräkningar.

Over the last decades there has been a dramatic change in the design agenda within the field of IT design. With the increase of mobile and wireless devices and the massive expansion of Internet availability the classic object of design - is about to vanish. Even if we conceive the setting where information technology is used as a 'system', this system can hardly be seen as the outcome of a system design process. Arguably, IT design is today guided by new design agendas. Ubiquitous computing and from the user side information ecologies seem to be more appropriate labels for the emerging technology. The objects of design has correspondingly been changing from systems to devices, tools or information appliances. This radical opening of the question of what to design has led to an apparent confusion on how to design. Just as the field of information systems is about to mature with a broad and widely accepted repertoire of design approaches and methods, ranging from workflow analysis to user involvement, this battery of approaches is loosing ground in favor of more techno-centric explorations, such as Tangible Computing. In our view there seem to be a growing divide between mainly North American contributions to IT design emphasizing new information technology concepts such as ubiquitous computing, tangible interaction and augmented reality, and mainly European contributions emphasizing the role of particular information technology applications in the light of in-depth studies of the potential contexts of use.

Detta examensarbete har utförts åt företaget MH Modules AB. Företaget arbetar med att utveckla, tillverka och sälja materialhanteringsmoduler till maskin- och systembyggare utan egen produktidentitet. En materialhanteringsmodul kan bestå av rullbanor, bandtransportörer, kedjetransportörer, hissar, vinkelväxlar och pallmagasin.

Syftet med arbetet var att utveckla ett nytt pallmagasin där pallar ska kunna lastas på och av på ett enkelt och driftsäkert sätt med hjälp av en handtruck.

Målsättningen var att konstruera en lyftanordning med styrenhet. Efter att lyftanordningen och styrenheten var klara gjordes det en lämplig ram som uppfyller säkerhetskraven.

Arbetet inleddes med att se över konkurrenternas och MH Modules egna framtagna pallmagasinen. Fortsättningsvis riktades arbetet på att vara idérik samt att hålla idémöten där förslag och krav från företaget togs fram för konstruktionen.

Pallmagasinet ska klara av att lyfta 500 kilogram eller 14 pallar och det ska även kunna vara uppgraderbart till 1000 kilogram eller 28 pallar. Kostnaden för pallmagasinet får inte överstiga 35 000 kronor

Tre konstruktionslösningar på lyftanordningen och styrenheten togs fram för utredning. Efter samråd med MH Modules konstruktörer valdes en av lösningarna.

Lyftenheten utformades med två pneumatiska kolvar. Dessa kolvar lyfter en anordnig med styrskenor och pendelarmar. Pendelarmarna har lyftklackar längst ner. Dessa klackar lyfter pallarna i pallmagasinet. Hållfasthetsberäkningar med finita element metoden gjordes på pendelarmarna samt lyftbalken.

Avslutningsvis konstruerades en ram som ska uppfylla person- och säkerhetskrav. Ramen består av tre delar, den högra och den vänstra ramen samt en gavel. Ramen till lyftenheten är en enkel konstruktion som enkelt ska kunna tillverkas i verkstaden.

Efter att pallmagasinet var färdigkonstruerat gjordes det tillverkningsritningar för beredning av tillverkning.

Globala klimatförändringar med en ökad havsnivå leder till att flacka landområden översvämmas, vilket drabbar värdefulla livsmiljöer och ekosystem längs med kusten. Den här undersökningens syfte är att genom en fjärranalys i ett geografiskt informationssystem kartlägga omfattningen av havsstrandängar i Blekinge län som hotas att försvinna till följd av en stigande havsnivå på 0,5 m respektive 1 m. För att vidare identifiera spridningsmöjligheter och en möjlig framtida utbredning för habitatet inåt land vid en förändrad havsnivå. Slutligen kommer fjärranalysens tillförlitlighet i avseendet att hitta spridningsmöjligheter utvärderas efter fältstudier i två utvalda referensområden. Resultatet visar att 98 % av Blekinges befintliga havsstrandängar hotas att försvinna till följd av en ökad havsnivå – men att det finns spridningsmöjligheter inåt land. Undersökningen har lokaliserat spridningsmöjligheter på mark med naturliga förutsättningar för att bli havsstrandäng, vilket anses vara en tillförlitlig tolkningsmetod som pekar på att habitatets utbredningsområde i länet kommer att minska. Det är därför viktigt att Länsstyrelsen i Blekinge arbetar för att så tidigt som möjligt skyddar och hävdar tänkbar utvecklingsmark tillsammans med dagens befintliga havsstrandängar för att underlätta arternas spridning i landskapet och bevara ett biologiskt värdefullt habitat till kommande generationer. 

n this article we present a novel approach for the understanding and the design of interactive health improving music technology, what we call Musicking Tangibles. The Musicking Tangibles approach represents an alternative approach to the traditional instrument, interface and switch-oriented music technology perspective. Our approach combines a humanistic, resource and empowerment oriented health approach with an aesthetic and culture based design approach towards music technology. We present four empowering and health improving qualities for the Musicking Tangibles. These qualities emphasize to: 1) Continually evoke interest and positive emotions relevant to diverse users’ interpretation of the tangibles and the situation; 2) Dynamically offer the users many roles to take, many musicking actions to make and many ways to express themselves; 3) Offer the users aesthetically consistent responses and build relevant cross-media expectations and challenges over time and space, consistent with their character; 4) Offer the users many relations to make: to people, things, experiences, events and places. Further we present and argue for some design solutions of the Musicking Tangibles ORFI, WAVE, REFLECT, and the POLLY World from the RHYME-project. In developing POLLY we have tried to put together as many design qualities as possible, to exemplify our view and current understanding.

In this paper we present our ongoing research on designing smart textile solutions for musical tangibles, what we call co-creative tangibles. Our textile, musical tangibles shall be used to improve health and wellbeing for children with severe disabilities and their families, in their homes. We use theories from the Music and Health field as a framework, both for the design process and the design related user evaluations. Building on an ecological and holistic health approach, our main goal is to reduce passivity and isolation, for the child with special needs. To achieve our overall goal, improve health for the users, our textile, musical tangibles have to evoke feelings in the user, be possible for the users to master, create and strengthen social relations and give the users a feeling of wholeness. Because of our ambitious goal, the diversity of users and the varying everyday situation, our musical tangibles have to offer the users a variety of musical actions to perform, and continuous choices of intensity levels and focus of attention. If not, the musical tangibles will lose their interest fast, and lack the relation building qualities we need. Our Music and Health approach therefore demands our textile, musical tangibles not only to be used as an instrument in limited therapeutic session, but in many situations in the users’ everyday lives.

In this paper we present a novel approach towards understanding and design of interactive music technology for people with special needs. The health effects of music are well documented, but very little research has been done and interactive music technology been developed, for Music Therapy and health improvement in everyday situations. Further, the music technology that has been used, exploits very little of the potential current computer technology has to offer the Music and Health and Music Therapy fields, because it is designed and used based on a very narrow perspective on technology and its potential. We present and argue for a broader understanding of music technology for empowerment and health improvement, building on a multidisciplinary approach and combining perspectives from Tangible interaction design with empowerment and resource oriented Music Therapy. We call this concept MusickingTangibles, inspired by the musicologist Christopher Small's important term "musicking". We further present two Musicking Tangibles we have designed, and argue for their empowering qualities based on user observations.

In this paper we present and discuss the empowering potential of restaging interactive art installations. We build on an approach, where wedivide the staging process into four levels of staging (potential, strategic,tactical, dynamic), and in Umberto Eco’s sense open, to four categories ofchoices (genre, temporal, spatial, actorial) to perform on each staging level. We present and discuss how we staged one of our interactive installations at a museum of modern art and a rehabilitation centre for people with severe disabilities. We discuss our staging experience in relation to empowering qualities like; possibilities for self-expression, vitalization, ability to act, co-create, participation and mutual relation building. Our experience was that re-staging art at a radically different place became a provocation that re-vitalized us as creative individuals.

The seven principles of Universal Design, such as ”4. Perceptible Information” and ”5. Tolerance for errors”, are formulated from the design’s or system’s perspective. The principles focus on the qualities of the system or design, not on the value of use, the long time experience and use by many different people. Nor do the principles embrace a cultural and social understanding of the value of things, designs and situations. In this paper we argue for the necessity to broaden this narrow system or product design perspective, when designing to empower diverse users. Our field of study is musical and cross-media Tangible Interaction Design, where multimedia computer capabilities are included in everyday objects. Our goal is to motivate social and musical co-creation for families with disabled children to improve their health and quality of life. To extend our design thinking, practice and understanding of a design’s value, meaning and empowering potential, we build on a humanistic health approach, resource-oriented thinking, Positive psychology and Empowerment philosophy. In the paper we present and discuss how we design cross-media, interactive, tangible and musical things to motivate and empower a variety of users in our on-going RHYME project.

Cryptobiosis represents the state of a living organism when it shows no visible signs of metabolic life, but maintains a capacity to return to an active, metabolic state. This peculiar state, although known from a wide variety of organisms, has received little attention from a theoretically biological perspective. A description based on a Petri net setting and a time based security model is proposed. In order to protect against a prolonged exposure time, the pathways for chemical reactions involved must fulfil their actions during a limited detection and response time to fulfil the protected state of entering/leaving cryptobiosis.