Gender assignment in six North Scandinavian languages: Patterns of variation and change
2021 (English)In: Journal Of Germanic Linguistics, ISSN 1470-5427, E-ISSN 1475-3014, Vol. 33, no 3, p. 264-315, article id PII S1470542720000173Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]
This study addresses gender assignment in six North Scandinavian varieties with a three-gender system: Old Norse, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Old Swedish, Nysvenska, Jamtlandic, and Elfdalian. Focusing on gender variation and change, we investigate the role of various factors in gender change. Using the contemporary Swedish varieties Jamtlandic and Elfdalian as a basis, we compare gender assignment in other North Scandinavian languages, tracing the evolution back to Old Norse. The data consist of 1,300 concepts from all six languages coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological and semantic variation. Our statistical analysis shows that the most important factors in gender change are the Old Norse weak/strong inflection, Old Norse gender, animate/inanimate distinction, word frequency, and loan status. From Old Norse to modern languages, phonological assignment principles tend to weaken, due to the general loss of word-final endings. Feminine words are more susceptible to changing gender, and the tendency to lose the feminine is noticeable even in the varieties in our study upholding the three-gender system. Further, frequency is significantly correlated with unstable gender. In semantics, only the animate/inanimate distinction significantly predicts gender assignment and stability. In general, our study confirms the decay of the feminine gender in the Scandinavian branch of Germanic.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Vol. 33, no 3, p. 264-315, article id PII S1470542720000173
Keywords [en]
Gender Assignment, Elfdalian, Jamtlandic, Swedish dialects, Germanic languages, North Scandinavian, historical linguistics, language change, typology
National Category
Specific Languages General Language Studies and Linguistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21818DOI: 10.1017/S1470542720000173ISI: 000678157600004OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hkr-21818DiVA, id: diva2:1546200
2021-04-212021-04-212021-08-09Bibliographically approved