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Kalinowska, A., Luczkiewicz, A., Äystö, L., Fjäder, P., Björklund, E., Svahn, O., . . . Tränckner, J. (2020). Pomeranian wastewater treatment plants as hot-spots of antibiotic resistance: the impact on the coastal waters of the Baltic sea. In: : . Paper presented at Linnaeus ECO-TECH 2020.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pomeranian wastewater treatment plants as hot-spots of antibiotic resistance: the impact on the coastal waters of the Baltic sea
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2020 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Wastewater treatment processes are monitored mainly in terms of biogenic substances removal efficiency. Only recently they started to be perceived as a potential sources of pharmaceutical residues to their recipients the and hot-spots for antibiotic resistance dissemination among bacteria. The scale of the problem has not been fully investigated and understood – missing data on the pharmaceuticals consumption, unidentified and dispersed point sources and non-unified sampling strategy of monitoring programs have been identified as the examples of problematic areas. I n scope of project REPHIRA (Reduction of Pharmaceutical Emissions from Dispersed Point Sources in Rural Areas), financed from the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Seed Money, the cooperation has been established between five partners located in the Baltic Sea catchment area: Poland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. In order to fulfill the knowledge gap, a preliminary study was conducted by Polish partner on four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) localized in the coastal area in northern Poland. Objects differ in terms of load, people equivalent, treatment technology and the recipient of WWTP effluent. The amount of human gut related indicator organism, E. coli has been estimated in raw and treated wastewater, as well as in the receiver, using classical microbiology approach and cultivation method. Additionally, the bacterial resistance to cefotaxime – an antibiotic belonging to third-generation cephalosporin family – has been tested.

Keywords
Baltic Sea, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, wastewater treatment processes, rural areas
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21385 (URN)
Conference
Linnaeus ECO-TECH 2020
Available from: 2020-11-26 Created: 2020-11-26 Last updated: 2020-11-26Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2019). Extraction Efficiency of a Commercial Espresso Machine Compared to a Stainless-Steel Column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) System for the Determination of 23 Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics and Hormones in Sewage Sludge. Applied Sciences, 9(7), Article ID 1509.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Extraction Efficiency of a Commercial Espresso Machine Compared to a Stainless-Steel Column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) System for the Determination of 23 Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics and Hormones in Sewage Sludge
2019 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 9, no 7, article id 1509Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Two green chemistry extraction systems, an in-house stainless-steel column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction system (PHWE) and a commercially available Espresso machine were applied for analysing 23 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in sewage sludge. Final analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS using two different chromatographic methods: acid and basic. When analysing all 23 APIs in sewage sludge both extraction methods showed good repeatability. The PHWE method allowed for a more complete extraction of APIs that were more tightly bound to the matrix, as exemplified by much higher concentrations of e.g., ketoconazole, citalopram and ciprofloxacin. In total, 19 out of 23 investigated APIs were quantified in sewage sludge, and with a few exceptions the PHWE method was more exhaustive. Mean absolute recoveries of 7 spiked labelled APIs were lower for the PHWE method than the Espresso method. Under acid chromatographic conditions mean recoveries were 16% and 24%, respectively, but increased to 24% and 37% under basic conditions. The difference between the PHWE method and the Espresso method might be interpreted as the Espresso method giving higher extraction efficiency; however, TIC scans of extracts revealed a much higher matrix co-extraction for the PHWE method. Attempts were made to correlate occurrence of compounds in sewage sludge with chemical properties of the 23 APIs and there are strong indications that both the number of aromatic rings and the presence of a positive charge is important for the sorption processes to sewage sludge.

Keywords
espresso coffee machine extraction, pressurized hot water extraction, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, sewage sludge, ion suppression, UPLC MS, MS, basic buffer
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19472 (URN)10.3390/app9071509 (DOI)000466547500244 ()
Available from: 2019-06-25 Created: 2019-06-25 Last updated: 2019-06-28Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2019). High flow-rate sample loading in large volume whole water organic trace analysis using positive pressure and finely ground sand as a SPE-column in-line filter. Molecules, 24(7)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High flow-rate sample loading in large volume whole water organic trace analysis using positive pressure and finely ground sand as a SPE-column in-line filter
2019 (English)In: Molecules, ISSN 1431-5157, E-ISSN 1420-3049, Vol. 24, no 7Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By using an innovative, positive pressure sample loading technique in combination with an in-line filter of finely ground sand the bottleneck of solid phase extraction (SPE) can be reduced. Recently published work by us has shown the proof of concept of the technique. In this work, emphasis is put on the SPE flow rate and method validation for 26 compounds of emerging environmental concern, mainly from the 1st and 2nd EU Watch List, with various physicochemical properties. The mean absolute recoveries in % and relative standard deviations (RSD) in % for the investigated compounds from spiked pure water samples at the three investigated flow rates of 10, 20, and 40 mL/min were 63.2% (3.2%), 66.9% (3.3%), and 69.0% (4.0%), respectively. All three flow rates produced highly repeatable results, and this allowed a flow rate increase of up to 40 mL/min for a 200 mg, 6 mL, reversed phase SPE cartridge without compromising the recoveries. This figure is more than four times the maximum flow rate recommended by manufacturers. It was indicated that some compounds, especially pronounced for the investigated macrolide molecules, might suffer when long contact times with the sample glass bottle occurs. A reduced contact time somewhat decreases this complication. A very good repeatability also held true for experiments on both spiked matrix-rich pond water (high and low concentrations) and recipient waters (river and wastewater) applying 40 mL/min. This work has shown that, for a large number of compounds of widely differing physicochemical properties, there is a generous flow rate window from 10 to 40 mL/min where sample loading can be conducted. A sample volume of 0.5 L, which at the recommended maximum flow rate speed of 10 mL/min, would previously take 50 min, can now be processed in 12 min using a flow rate of 40 mL/min. This saves 38 min per processed sample. This low-cost technology allows the sample to be transferred to the SPE-column, closer to the sample location and by the person taking the sample. This further means that only the sample cartridge would need to be sent to the laboratory, instead of the whole water sample, like today's procedure.

Keywords
SPE, environmental analysis, flow rate, hormones, in-line filter, large volume, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, sand, trace analysis, whole water
National Category
Biological Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19231 (URN)10.3390/molecules24071426 (DOI)000464952900022 ()30978956 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2019-04-16 Created: 2019-04-16 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2019). Simple, fast and inexpensive large "whole water" volume sample SPE-loading using compressed air and finely ground sand. Analytical Methods, 11(7), 894-896
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simple, fast and inexpensive large "whole water" volume sample SPE-loading using compressed air and finely ground sand
2019 (English)In: Analytical Methods, ISSN 1759-9660, E-ISSN 1759-9679, Vol. 11, no 7, p. 894-896Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In environmental trace analysis there is often a need to enrich the compounds of interest from a large sample volume, where the use of solid phase extraction (SPE) is more or less the standard technique. The presence of the sample matrix can cause clogging of the SPE-column, especially at the end of a sample load. Swedish surface waters are often humic rich making the use of traditional sample loading by a vacuum manifold very limited. This obstacle forced the development of a different sample loading technique, based on compressed air and sand as an in-line-filter, designed to load larger sample volumes as needed in trace level analysis of hormones in surface water. The developed technique, combined with a UPLC MS/MS method, showed promising reproducibility and accuracy, and enabled increased sensitivity for the analysis of hormones in humic rich surface water.

National Category
Chemical Sciences Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19112 (URN)10.1039/c8ay02786b (DOI)000458808900003 ()
Available from: 2019-02-28 Created: 2019-02-28 Last updated: 2019-06-28Bibliographically approved
Abdel-Khalik, J., Björklund, E., Nielsen, F. K. & Hansen, M. (2017). Incorporation of (14)C-cholesterol in human adrenal corticocarcinoma H295R cell line and online-radiodetection of produced (14)C-steroid hormone metabolites. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 145, 569-575
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Incorporation of (14)C-cholesterol in human adrenal corticocarcinoma H295R cell line and online-radiodetection of produced (14)C-steroid hormone metabolites
2017 (English)In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, ISSN 0731-7085, E-ISSN 1873-264X, Vol. 145, p. 569-575Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study demonstrates the addition of (14)C-cholesterol to the human cell line H295R will in-situ form radiolabeled steroid hormones allowing for new mechanistic and metabolic insights. The aim of the present study was to in-situ radiolabel steroid hormones from cell line-incorporated (14)C-cholesterol using the OECD guideline 456, H295R steroidogenesis in-vitro assay. Radiodetection of the steroid metabolites of the steroidogenic pathway allows for an improved understanding of the various enzymatic mechanisms involved without necessarily being dependent on quantification. Generated radiolabeled steroids were analyzed using HPLC hyphenated with a Flow Scintillation Analyzer (FSA). H295R cells were incubated with radiolabeled cholesterol and cell media were collected and prepared by solid phase extraction and analyzed with HPLC-FSA. For successful radiolabeling of the steroids in the steroidogenesis of H295R cells, radioactive cholesterol may potentially only need to be added just before the cells are incubated for 72h in well plates. Based on the obtained HPLC-FSA chromatograms, and confirmation of the observations by studies in the literature, a qualitative time profile for the production of steroid hormones was estimated. Multiple radiolabeled steroid hormones were identified by means of analytical standards and UV (ultraviolet) co-chromatography, though the elucidation of multiple metabolites remains unresolved. Although online radiodetection proved to suffer from suboptimal sensitivity, the concept of radiolabeling the steroidogenesis in H295R cells with (14)C-cholesterol and detecting the radiolabeled steroid hormones online was proved and may assist in further toxicological studies.

Keywords
Flow scintillation analysis, NCI-H295R, OECD guideline 456, Online radiodection, Radiolabeling, Steroidogenesis
National Category
Biological Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-17079 (URN)10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.058 (DOI)28777968 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2017-08-16 Created: 2017-08-16 Last updated: 2019-07-03Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2017). Interkalibrerad läkemedelsanalys 2017: ett samarbetsprojekt för ökad analyskvalité. Kristianstad: Högskolan Kristianstad
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interkalibrerad läkemedelsanalys 2017: ett samarbetsprojekt för ökad analyskvalité
2017 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Läkemedelsverket gav i september 2015 ut en rapport med titeln ”Miljöindikatorer inom ramen för nationella läkemedelsstrategin (NLS)”. Rapporten indikerar bland annat stora kvalitetsbrister i tidigare utförda analyser av läkemedel i miljön under åren 2002-2013, men betonar också vikten av att samordna framtida nationella läkemedelsanalyser för att bättre använda våra offentliga resurser. I rapporten skriver man följande: ”Allra högst prioriterad ansåg arbetsgruppen att indikatorn ”mäta halter av läkemedelssubstanser i miljö” vara. Detta beroende på att det utöver att det är av stor vikt att följa utvecklingen av läkemedelsrester i miljön över tid för att utvärdera effekten av genomförda insatser, så ansåg arbetsgruppen att det finns stora möjligheter att optimera användningen av de offentliga resurserna genom en bättre samordning av mätningar i miljön. Många mätningar har gjorts historiskt av olika offentliga aktörer utan någon samordning.” Mot bakgrund av detta, och som svar på ett nationellt behov, åtog sig Högskolan Kristianstad (HKR) genom Ola Svahn och Erland Björklund, båda verksamma vid MoLab, Krinova Incubator and Science Park i Kristianstad, att leda denna interkalibreringsstudie för läkemedelsanalys i miljö-vattenprover av olika typ. Arbetet har skett på uppdrag av Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten som finansierat arbetet via bidrag ur havs- och vattenmiljöanslaget och i samarbete med fyra andra analyslaboratorier vid Umeå Universitet (UU), Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Uppsala (SLU), Svenska miljöinstitutet Stockholm (IVL) samt Aarhus Universitet Danmark (AU). Total deltog därmed 5 laboratorier, alla med tidigare erfarenhet av läkemedelsanalys i miljöprover.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kristianstad: Högskolan Kristianstad, 2017. p. 62
National Category
Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-17643 (URN)
Projects
Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten
Available from: 2017-11-28 Created: 2017-11-28 Last updated: 2019-06-28Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2017). Läkemedelsutsläpp från Skånska avloppsreningsverk 2017: ett uvecklings- och samarbetsprojekt på Högskolan Kristianstad i samarbete med Region Skåne och 6 skånska reningsverksaktörer. Kristianstad: Högskolan Kristianstad
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Läkemedelsutsläpp från Skånska avloppsreningsverk 2017: ett uvecklings- och samarbetsprojekt på Högskolan Kristianstad i samarbete med Region Skåne och 6 skånska reningsverksaktörer
2017 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

I projektet LUSKA (Läkemedelsutsläpp från Skånska Avloppsreningsverk) deltog 6 olika reningsverksorganisationer,    geografiskt fördelade över hela Skåne; Höganäs, Klippan, Höör/Hörby, Svedala, Kristianstad och Simrishamn. Provtagning utfördes i april 2017 på fyra platser vid varje reningsverk. Tre av dessa platser valdes enligt förslag från Länsstyrelsen Skånes tillsynsvägledning; uppströms, nedströms och utgående vatten från reningsverket. Dessutom ingick en fjärde provpunkt bestående av inkommande vatten till reningsverken. I studien analyserades total 21 av 22 läkemedel enligt Läkemedelsverkets föreslagna lista på ämnen från 2015. Analysresultaten från de 8 avloppsreningsverken, samt tillhörande recipient i form av åar och sjöar visar tydligt att stora mängder läkemedel hamnar i våra omgivande skånska vatten varje år. Detta sker som en konsekvens av att reningsverken inte förmår rena läkemedelsutsläpp med befintlig teknik baserad på aktivt slam. Studien visade att de 8 reningsverken släpper ut minst 71 kg läkemedel varje år till skånska vatten enbart av dessa 21 ämnen. Den stora bulken av de uppmätta ämnena utgjordes av blodtryckssänkaren metoprolol och smärtstillaren diklofenak. Men även ämnen som karbamazepin, losartan, naproxen och oxazepam förekom i betydande koncentrationer i avloppsvattnet. Dessa ämnen innefattar flera läkemedelstyper och representerar tre generella och relativt vanliga sjukdomstillstånd som högt blodtryck, inflammation och smärta, samt depression och ångest. Baserat på resultaten i LUSKA-projektet kan man uppskatta att när ett reningsverk behandlar en miljon kubikmeter (1 000 000 m3) avloppsvatten passerar det samtidigt ut ca 4 kg av de 21 läkemedel som Läkemedelsverket tagit upp på sin övervakningslista. Enligt en grov beräkning, innefattande en majoritet av de skånska reningsverken, skulle detta innebära att nästan 600 kg kilo läkemedel läcker ut varje år från skånska reningsverk av Läkemedelsverkets föreslagna ämnen. Samtidigt måste man beakta att dessa 21 ämnen endast utgör en liten del av flera hundra läkemedelssubstanser som används för behandling av sjukdomar. Med stor sannolikhet läcker ett till flera ton läkemedel ut årligen i skånsk recipient. Mätningar i åar och sjöar visar att även om koncentrationerna sjunker nedströms verken som  en konsekvens av företrädesvis utspädning så finns det lokaler där koncentrationerna är an-märkningsvärt höga utifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kristianstad: Högskolan Kristianstad, 2017. p. 58
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-17644 (URN)
Projects
LUSKA
Available from: 2017-11-28 Created: 2017-11-28 Last updated: 2019-06-28Bibliographically approved
Svahn, O. & Björklund, E. (2017). Pharmaceutical emissions from Scanian wastewater treatment plants in 2017: A development and collaborative project at Kristianstad University - in cooperation with Skåne and six Scanian treatment plant operators. Kristianstad
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pharmaceutical emissions from Scanian wastewater treatment plants in 2017: A development and collaborative project at Kristianstad University - in cooperation with Skåne and six Scanian treatment plant operators
2017 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The project LUSKA (a Swedish acronym meaning ‘to figure out’ formed from the name LäkemedelsUtsläpp från SKånska Avloppsreningsverk - Pharmaceutical emissions from Scanian wastewater treatment plants) comprised six different participating wastewater treatment organisations, geographically distributed throughout the whole of the Scania region in Sweden (Skåne): Höganäs, Klippan, Höör/Hörby, Svedala, Kristianstad and Simrishamn. Sampling was done in April 2017 in four locations at each treatment plant. Three of these locations were chosen as suggested by the County Administrative Board of Skåne’s supervisory guide: upstream, downstream and outlet water from the treatment plant. In addition, a fourth sample point was included consisting of inlet water to the treatment plants. In the study, a total of 21 out of 22 pharmaceuticals were analysed according to the Swedish Medical Products Agency’s proposed substance watchlist from 2015. The analysis results from the eight treatment plants and associated recipients in the form of streams and lakes clearly shows that large amounts of pharmaceuticals end up in our surrounding Scanian waters every year. This takes place as a consequence of the wastewater treatment plants not being able to separate pharmaceutical emissions with existing technology based on activated sludge. The study showed that the eight treatment plants release at least 71 kg of pharmaceuticals every year to Scanian waters of these 21 substances alone. The major bulk of the measured substances were comprised of the blood pressure lowering drug metoprolol and the analgesic diclofenac. But even such substances as carbamazepine, losartan, naproxen and oxazepam occurred in significant concentrations in the wastewater. These substances include several pharmaceutical types and represent three general and relatively common illnesses: high blood pressure, inflammation and pain, and depression and anxiety. Based on the results in the LUSKA project, it can be estimated that when a treatment plant treats one million cubic metres (1,000,000 m3) of wastewater, at the same time approximately 4 kg pass of the 21 drugs that the Swedish Medical Products Agency included on its watchlist. According to a rough estimate, including a majority of the Scanian wastewater treatment plants, this would mean that nearly 600 kg of drugs on the Swedish Medical Products Agency’s proposed substances watchlist leak out from Scanian treatment plants every year. At the same time, it must be taken into account that these 21 substances only comprise a small part of the several hundred pharmaceutical substances used for the treatment of diseases. In all likelihood, one or more tonnes of drugs leak out into Scanian recipients annually. Measurements in lakes and streams show that even if the concentrations drop downstream of the plants, probably as a consequence of dilution, there are locales where the concentrations are remarkably high from a sustainability perspective.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kristianstad: , 2017. p. 55
Series
Kristianstad University Press
Keywords
wastewater, Scania region, treatment plants, substances, drug leaks, dilution, sustainability perspective
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21877 (URN)
Projects
LUSKAProject Number Region Skåne: M219MORPHEUS 2017-2019
Available from: 2021-05-10 Created: 2021-05-10 Last updated: 2021-05-10Bibliographically approved
Styrishave, B., Pedersen, K. E., Clarke, O., Hansen, M., Björklund, E., Sonne, C. & Dietz, R. (2017). Steroid hormones in multiple tissues of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Polar Biology, 40(1), 37-49
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Steroid hormones in multiple tissues of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
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2017 (English)In: Polar Biology, ISSN 0722-4060, E-ISSN 1432-2056, Vol. 40, no 1, p. 37-49Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is threatened by climate changes and also from persistent organic pollutants affecting polar bear endocrinology governing growth and reproduction. To provide further insight into basic polar bear endocrinology, we determined the levels of steroids in multiple tissues and plasma from East Greenland polar bears. Tissue samples from 10 polar bears, 5 males (2 adults, 3 juveniles) and 5 females (all juveniles) were obtained from the Inuit hunt in Scoresby Sound during springtime. Eleven steroids: pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17 alpha-estradiol and 17 beta-estradiol were determined in brain, adrenal cortex, testis, testicular vein, plasma, and ovary using GC-MS/MS. In brain tissue, the neuroactive progestagen pregnenolone (11.9 +/- 4.4 ng/g ww) and dehydroepiandrosterone (2.26 +/- 0.43 ng/g ww) were found in high concentrations. Very high levels of testosterone and androstenedione were observed in testes (> 100 ng/g ww) and plasma from testicular vein (testosterone: 108 +/- 41 ng/ml; androstenedione: 35.2 +/- 11.1 ng/ml). Additionally, a strong correlation was found between the levels of steroids in testes and testicular vein plasma. Progestagens were found in very high levels in ovaries from juvenile females (> 100 ng/g ww). Finally, our study indicates that polar bears synthesize androstenedione via the a dagger-4 pathway. The present study adds new insight to our knowledge on polar bear endocrinology, which may be used in future studies on polar bear ecology and studies on some of the threats from pollution and climate changes that these animals are facing.

Keywords
Androgens, Estrogens, Progestagens, Sex steroids, Steroidogenesis, Testis, Testicular vein blood, Ovary, Brain, Neurosteroids
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-16542 (URN)10.1007/s00300-016-1922-1 (DOI)000391401900004 ()
Available from: 2017-02-13 Created: 2017-02-13 Last updated: 2019-07-03Bibliographically approved
Weisser, J. J., Hansen, M., Björklund, E., Sonne, C., Dietz, R. & Styrishave, B. (2016). A novel method for analysing key corticosteroids in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) hair using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. B, 1017, 45-51
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A novel method for analysing key corticosteroids in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) hair using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
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2016 (English)In: Journal of chromatography. B, ISSN 1570-0232, E-ISSN 1873-376X, Vol. 1017, p. 45-51Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a methodology for extraction, clean-up and analysis of three key corticosteroids (aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone) in polar bear hair. Such a methodology can be used to monitor stress biomarkers in polar bears and may provide as a useful tool for long-term and retrospective information. We developed a combined pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)-solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure for corticosteroid extraction and clean-up followed by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. This procedure allows for the simultaneous determination of multiple steroids, which is in contrast to previous polar bear studies based on ELISA techniques. Absolute method recoveries were 81%, 75% and 60% for cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone, respectively. We applied the developed method on a hair sample pooled from four East Greenland polar bears. Herein cortisol and corticosterone were successfully determined in levels of 0.32 +/- 0.02 ng/g hair and 0.13 +/- 0.02 ng/g hair, respectively. Aldosterone was below limit of detection (LOD<0.17 ng/g). The cortisol hair concentration found in these East Greenland polar bears was consistent with cortisol levels previously determined in the Southern Hudson Bay and James Bay in Canada using ELISA kits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords
PLE, SPE LC-MS/MS, polar bear hair, fur, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15965 (URN)10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.029 (DOI)000373547200006 ()26945133 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2016-09-12 Created: 2016-09-12 Last updated: 2019-07-03Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2283-2927

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